Jecker Nancy S
1959 NE Pacific Street, 357120, Seattle, WA 98195-7120 USA Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine.
Ethics Inf Technol. 2021;23(Suppl 1):35-43. doi: 10.1007/s10676-020-09546-y. Epub 2020 Jul 16.
Social isolation and loneliness are ongoing threats to health made worse by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. During the pandemic, half the globe's population have been placed under strict physical distancing orders and many long-term care facilities serving older adults went into lockdown mode, restricting access to all visitors, including family members. Before the pandemic emerged, a 2020 National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine report warned of the underappreciated adverse effects of social isolation and loneliness on health, especially among older populations. Social isolation and loneliness predict all-cause mortality at rates that rival clinical risk factors, such as obesity and smoking; they are associated with greater incidence of psychological, cognitive, and physical morbidities. This paper sets forth a proposal to design robots to function as companions and friends for socially isolated and lonely older people during pandemic emergencies and in aging societies more generally. "The proposal" section presents and defends the proposal. The "Replies to objections" section answers objections based on coercive design, replacement of humans with robots, privacy incursions, and counterfeit companionship. The "Conclusion" section submits that sociable robots offer a promising avenue for addressing social isolation and loneliness during pandemics and hold promise for aging societies more broadly.
社会隔离和孤独是对健康的持续威胁,2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行使情况变得更糟。在大流行期间,全球一半人口被置于严格的物理距离指令之下,许多为老年人服务的长期护理机构进入封锁模式,限制包括家庭成员在内的所有访客进入。在大流行出现之前,美国国家科学院、工程院和医学院2020年的一份报告警告说,社会隔离和孤独对健康的不良影响未得到充分认识,尤其是在老年人群体中。社会隔离和孤独预示着全因死亡率,其比率可与肥胖和吸烟等临床风险因素相媲美;它们与心理、认知和身体疾病的更高发病率相关。本文提出一项建议,设计机器人,使其在大流行紧急情况期间以及更广泛地在老龄化社会中,作为社会隔离和孤独的老年人的陪伴者和朋友发挥作用。“建议”部分提出并捍卫了该建议。“对反对意见的回应”部分回答了基于强制性设计、用机器人取代人类、侵犯隐私和虚假陪伴等方面的反对意见。“结论”部分认为,社交机器人为解决大流行期间的社会隔离和孤独提供了一条有前景的途径,并且更广泛地为老龄化社会带来希望。