Cortés Hernán, Alcalá-Alcalá Sergio, Caballero-Florán Isaac H, Bernal-Chávez Sergio A, Ávalos-Fuentes Arturo, González-Torres Maykel, González-Del Carmen Manuel, Figueroa-González Gabriela, Reyes-Hernández Octavio D, Floran Benjamín, Del Prado-Audelo María L, Leyva-Gómez Gerardo
Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de Mexico 14389, Mexico.
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
Membranes (Basel). 2020 Aug 30;10(9):212. doi: 10.3390/membranes10090212.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a sophisticated and very selective dynamic interface composed of endothelial cells expressing enzymes, transport systems, and receptors that regulate the passage of nutrients, ions, oxygen, and other essential molecules to the brain, regulating its homeostasis. Moreover, the BBB performs a vital function in protecting the brain from pathogens and other dangerous agents in the blood circulation. Despite its crucial role, this barrier represents a difficult obstacle for the treatment of brain diseases because many therapeutic agents cannot cross it. Thus, different strategies based on nanoparticles have been explored in recent years. Concerning this, chitosan-decorated nanoparticles have demonstrated enormous potential for drug delivery across the BBB and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, gliomas, cerebral ischemia, and schizophrenia. Our main objective was to highlight the high potential of chitosan adsorption to improve the penetrability through the BBB of nanoformulations for diseases of CNS. Therefore, we describe the BBB structure and function, as well as the routes of chitosan for crossing it. Moreover, we define the methods of decoration of nanoparticles with chitosan and provide numerous examples of their potential utilization in a variety of brain diseases. Lastly, we discuss future directions, mentioning the need for extensive characterization of proposed nanoformulations and clinical trials for evaluation of their efficacy.
血脑屏障（BBB）是一个复杂且高度选择性的动态界面，由表达酶、转运系统和受体的内皮细胞组成，这些物质调节营养物质、离子、氧气和其他必需分子进入大脑的过程，维持大脑的内环境稳定。此外，血脑屏障在保护大脑免受血液循环中的病原体和其他危险因子侵害方面发挥着至关重要的作用。尽管其作用关键，但该屏障对脑部疾病的治疗而言却是一个难题，因为许多治疗药物无法穿越它。因此，近年来人们探索了基于纳米颗粒的不同策略。就此而言，壳聚糖修饰的纳米颗粒已显示出在跨越血脑屏障进行药物递送以及治疗阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、神经胶质瘤、脑缺血和精神分裂症方面的巨大潜力。我们的主要目标是强调壳聚糖吸附在提高用于中枢神经系统疾病的纳米制剂穿越血脑屏障的渗透性方面的巨大潜力。因此，我们描述了血脑屏障的结构和功能，以及壳聚糖穿越血脑屏障的途径。此外我们定义了用壳聚糖修饰纳米颗粒的方法，并提供了它们在多种脑部疾病中潜在应用的大量实例。最后，我们讨论了未来的方向，提及需要对所提出的纳米制剂进行广泛表征以及开展临床试验以评估其疗效。
