Lopuszanska Urszula, Samardakiewicz Marzena
Departments of Applied Psychology.
Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
Cogn Behav Neurol. 2020 Sep;33(3):157-178. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000235.
Air pollution has a negative impact on one's health and on the central nervous system. We decided to assess studies that evaluated the relationship between air pollution and cognitive functions in children and adolescents by reviewing studies that had been published between January 2009 and May 2019. We searched three major databases for original works (26 studies) and for studies using brain imaging methods based on MRI (six studies). Adverse effects of air pollutants on selected cognitive or psychomotor functions were found in all of the studies. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide, for example, was linked to impaired working memory, general cognitive functions, and psychomotor functions; particulate matter 2.5 was linked to difficulties in working memory, short-term memory, attention, processing speed, and fine motor function; black carbon was linked to poor verbal intelligence, nonverbal intelligence, and working memory; airborne copper was linked to impaired attentiveness and fine motor skills; isophorone was linked to lower mathematical skills; and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fetal life were linked to lower intelligence scores. The studies using MRI showed that high concentrations of air pollutants were linked to changes in the brain's white matter or lower functional integration and segregation in children's brain networks. In view of the global increase in air pollution, there is a need for further research to elucidate the relationship between air pollution and cognitive and motor development in children. According to some studies, neuroinflammation, the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene, and gutathione-S-transferase gene polymorphism processes may play a role.
空气污染会对人的健康以及中枢神经系统产生负面影响。我们决定通过回顾2009年1月至2019年5月期间发表的研究，来评估那些探讨空气污染与儿童及青少年认知功能之间关系的研究。我们在三个主要数据库中搜索原创研究（26项研究）以及使用基于磁共振成像（MRI）的脑成像方法的研究（6项研究）。在所有研究中均发现空气污染物对选定的认知或心理运动功能存在不良影响。例如，接触二氧化氮与工作记忆、一般认知功能和心理运动功能受损有关；细颗粒物2.5与工作记忆、短期记忆、注意力、处理速度和精细运动功能方面的困难有关；黑碳与语言智力、非语言智力和工作记忆较差有关；空气中的铜与注意力不集中和精细运动技能受损有关；异佛尔酮与数学技能较低有关；胎儿期接触多环芳烃与智力得分较低有关。使用MRI的研究表明，高浓度的空气污染物与儿童大脑白质变化或大脑网络中较低的功能整合及分离有关。鉴于全球空气污染的增加，有必要进行进一步研究以阐明空气污染与儿童认知及运动发育之间的关系。根据一些研究，神经炎症、载脂蛋白E基因的e4等位基因以及谷胱甘肽 - S - 转移酶基因多态性过程可能起作用。
