Vielba-Fernández Alejandra, Polonio Álvaro, Ruiz-Jiménez Laura, de Vicente Antonio, Pérez-García Alejandro, Fernández-Ortuño Dolores
Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea "La Mayora", Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Málaga, Spain.
Microorganisms. 2020 Sep 17;8(9):1431. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8091431.
Powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphales) are among the most common and important plant fungal pathogens. These fungi are obligate biotrophic parasites that attack nearly 10,000 species of angiosperms, including major crops, such as cereals and grapes. Although cultural and biological practices may reduce the risk of infection by powdery mildew, they do not provide sufficient protection. Therefore, in practice, chemical control, including the use of fungicides from multiple chemical groups, is the most effective tool for managing powdery mildew. Unfortunately, the risk of resistance development is high because typical spray programs include multiple applications per season. In addition, some of the most economically destructive species of powdery mildew fungi are considered to be high-risk pathogens and are able to develop resistance to several chemical classes within a few years. This situation has decreased the efficacy of the major fungicide classes, such as sterol demethylation inhibitors, quinone outside inhibitors and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, that are employed against powdery mildews. In this review, we present cases of reduction in sensitivity, development of resistance and failure of control by fungicides that have been or are being used to manage powdery mildew. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to fungicides are also outlined. Finally, a number of recommendations are provided to decrease the probability of resistance development when fungicides are employed.
白粉菌（白粉菌目）是最常见且最重要的植物真菌病原体之一。这些真菌是专性活体营养型寄生菌，可侵染近10000种被子植物，包括主要作物，如谷物和葡萄。尽管栽培和生物防治措施可能会降低白粉菌感染的风险，但它们并不能提供足够的保护。因此，在实际应用中，化学防治，包括使用多种化学类别的杀菌剂，是防治白粉菌最有效的手段。不幸的是，由于典型的喷雾方案在一个生长季中需要多次施药，所以产生抗性的风险很高。此外，一些对经济破坏最大的白粉菌被认为是高风险病原体，能够在几年内对几种化学类别产生抗性。这种情况降低了主要杀菌剂类别的功效，如用于防治白粉菌的甾醇去甲基化抑制剂、醌外抑制剂和琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂。在本综述中，我们介绍了已使用或正在使用的用于防治白粉菌的杀菌剂敏感性降低、抗性产生及防治失败的案例。此外，还概述了杀菌剂抗性的分子机制。最后，提供了一些建议，以降低使用杀菌剂时产生抗性的可能性。
