Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
Department of Systems and Computational Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Sep 25;21(19):7055. doi: 10.3390/ijms21197055.
Exosomes, considered as cell debris or garbage bags, have been later characterized as nanometer-sized extracellular double-membrane lipid bilayer bio-vesicles secreted by the fusion of vesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. The constituents and the rate of exosomes formation differ in different pathophysiological conditions. Exosomes are also observed and studied in different parts of the eye, like the retina, cornea, aqueous, and vitreous humor. Tear fluid consists of exosomes that are shown to regulate various cellular processes. The role of exosomes in eye cancers, especially retinoblastoma (RB), is not well explored, although few studies point towards their presence. Retinoblastoma is an intraocular tumor that constitutes 3% of cases of cancer in children. Diagnosis of RB may require invasive procedures, which might lead to the spread of the disease to other parts. Due to this reason, better ways of diagnosis are being explored. Studies on the exosomes in RB tumors and serum might help designing better diagnostic approaches for RB. In this article, we reviewed studies on exosomes in the eye, with a special emphasis on RB. We also reviewed miRNAs expressed in RB tumor, serum, and cell lines and analyzed the targets of these miRNAs from the proteins identified in the RB tumor exosomes. hsa-miR-494 and hsa-miR-9, upregulated and downregulated, respectively in RB, have the maximum number of targets. Although oppositely regulated, they share the same targets in the proteins identified in RB tumor exosomes. Overall this review provides the up-to-date progress in the area of eye exosome research, with an emphasis on RB.
外泌体曾被认为是细胞碎片或垃圾袋，后来被描述为纳米大小的细胞外双层脂质双分子囊泡，由囊泡体与质膜融合而分泌。外泌体的组成和形成率在不同的病理生理条件下有所不同。外泌体也在眼睛的不同部位被观察和研究，如视网膜、角膜、房水和玻璃体。泪液中含有外泌体，这些外泌体被证明可以调节各种细胞过程。外泌体在眼部癌症，特别是视网膜母细胞瘤（RB）中的作用尚未得到充分探索，尽管有一些研究表明其存在。视网膜母细胞瘤是一种眼内肿瘤，占儿童癌症的 3%。RB 的诊断可能需要侵入性程序，这可能导致疾病向其他部位扩散。由于这个原因，正在探索更好的诊断方法。对 RB 肿瘤和血清中外泌体的研究可能有助于设计更好的 RB 诊断方法。在本文中，我们综述了关于眼部外泌体的研究，特别关注 RB。我们还综述了在 RB 肿瘤、血清和细胞系中表达的 miRNAs，并分析了这些 miRNAs 在 RB 肿瘤外泌体中鉴定的蛋白质的靶标。在 RB 中上调和下调的 hsa-miR-494 和 hsa-miR-9 分别具有最多的靶标。尽管它们的调节方式相反，但它们在 RB 肿瘤外泌体中鉴定的蛋白质的靶标相同。总之，本综述提供了眼部外泌体研究领域的最新进展，重点是 RB。
