Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
Microb Genom. 2020 Oct;6(10). doi: 10.1099/mgen.0.000448.
Ancient events of polyploidy have been linked to huge evolutionary leaps in the tree of life, while increasing evidence shows that newly established polyploids have adaptive advantages in certain stress conditions compared to their relatives with a lower ploidy. The genus is a good model for studying such events, as it contains an ancient whole-genome duplication event and many sequenced are, evolutionary speaking, newly formed polyploids. Many polyploids have unstable genomes and go through large genome erosions; however, it is still unknown what mechanisms govern this reduction. Here, we sequenced and studied the natural × hybrid strain, VIN7, which was selected for its commercial use in the wine industry. The most singular observation is that its nuclear genome is highly unstable and drastic genomic alterations were observed in only a few generations, leading to a widening of its phenotypic landscape. To better understand what leads to the loss of certain chromosomes in the VIN7 cell population, we looked for genetic features of the genes, such as physical interactions, complex formation, epistatic interactions and stress responding genes, which could have beneficial or detrimental effects on the cell if their dosage is altered by a chromosomal copy number variation. The three chromosomes lost in our VIN7 population showed different patterns, indicating that multiple factors could explain the mechanisms behind the chromosomal loss. However, one common feature for two out of the three chromosomes is that they are among the smallest ones. We hypothesize that small chromosomes alter their copy numbers more frequently as a low number of genes is affected, meaning that it is a by-product of genome instability, which might be the chief driving force of the adaptability and genome architecture of this hybrid.
远古的多倍体事件与生命之树的巨大进化飞跃有关,而越来越多的证据表明,与低倍体的亲缘关系相比,新建立的多倍体在某些胁迫条件下具有适应性优势。属是研究此类事件的良好模型,因为它包含一个古老的全基因组复制事件,许多进化上的新形成的多倍体。许多多倍体的基因组不稳定,经历了大规模的基因组侵蚀;然而,目前尚不清楚是什么机制控制了这种减少。在这里,我们对自然产生的 × 杂交菌株 VIN7 进行了测序和研究,该菌株因其在葡萄酒行业的商业用途而被选择。最显著的观察结果是,其核基因组高度不稳定,仅在少数几代中就观察到剧烈的基因组改变,导致表型景观的扩大。为了更好地理解导致 VIN7 细胞群体中某些染色体丢失的原因,我们寻找了基因的遗传特征,如物理相互作用、复合物形成、上位性相互作用和应激响应基因,如果它们的剂量因染色体拷贝数变异而改变,这些特征可能对细胞产生有益或有害的影响。我们在 VIN7 群体中丢失的三条染色体表现出不同的模式,这表明有多种因素可以解释染色体丢失的机制。然而,三条染色体中有两条丢失的染色体有一个共同的特征,即它们是最小的染色体之一。我们假设,小染色体更频繁地改变其拷贝数,因为受影响的基因数量较少,这意味着这是基因组不稳定性的副产品,这可能是该杂种的适应性和基因组结构的主要驱动力。