Udahemuka Jean Claude, Aboge Gabriel Oluga, Obiero George Ogello, Lebea Phiyani Justice, Onono Joshua Orungo, Paone Massimo
Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya.
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda.
BMC Vet Res. 2020 Oct 12;16(1):387. doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02610-1.
Identification of risk factors is crucial in Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control especially in endemic countries. In Rwanda, almost all outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) have started in Eastern Rwanda. Identifying the risk factors in this area will support government control efforts. This study was carried out to identify and map different risk factors for the incursion, spread and persistence of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda. Questionnaires were administered during farm visits to establish risk factors for FMD outbreaks. Descriptive statistical measures were determined and odds ratios were calculated to determine the effects of risk factors on the occurrence of FMD. Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) was used to produce thematic maps on the proportion of putative risk factors for FMD per village.
Based on farmers' perceptions, 85.31% (with p < 0.01) experienced more outbreaks during the major dry season, a finding consistent with other reports in other parts of the world. Univariate analysis revealed that mixed farming (OR = 1.501, p = 0.163, CI = 95%), and natural breeding method (OR = 1.626; p = 0.21, CI = 95%) were associated with the occurrence of FMD indicating that the two risk factors could be responsible for FMD outbreaks in the farms. The occurrence of FMD in the farms was found to be significantly associated with lack of vaccination of calves younger than 12 months in herds (OR = 0.707; p = 0.046, CI = 95%).
This is the first study to describe risk factors for persistence of FMDV in livestock systems in Rwanda. However, further studies are required to understand the role of transboundary animal movements and genotypic profiles of circulating FMDV in farming systems in Rwanda.
在口蹄疫（FMD）防控中，尤其是在流行国家，识别风险因素至关重要。在卢旺达，几乎所有口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）疫情都始于卢旺达东部。识别该地区的风险因素将有助于政府的防控工作。本研究旨在识别和绘制卢旺达东部FMDV侵入、传播和持续存在的不同风险因素。在农场走访期间发放问卷，以确定口蹄疫疫情的风险因素。确定了描述性统计量，并计算比值比以确定风险因素对口蹄疫发生的影响。利用量子地理信息系统（QGIS）制作了每个村庄口蹄疫假定风险因素比例的专题地图。
基于农民的认知，85.31%（p < 0.01）的人表示在主要旱季疫情爆发更为频繁，这一发现与世界其他地区的其他报告一致。单因素分析显示，混合养殖（OR = 1.501，p = 0.163，CI = 95%）和自然繁殖方式（OR = 1.626；p = 0.21，CI = 95%）与口蹄疫的发生有关，表明这两个风险因素可能是农场口蹄疫疫情的原因。研究发现，农场口蹄疫的发生与牛群中12个月以下犊牛未接种疫苗显著相关（OR = 0.707；p = 0.046，CI = 95%）。
这是第一项描述卢旺达牲畜系统中FMDV持续存在风险因素的研究。然而，需要进一步研究以了解跨境动物流动和卢旺达养殖系统中流行FMDV的基因型谱的作用。
