Gersons Berthold P R, Smid Geert E, Smit Annika S, Kazlauskas Evaldas, McFarlane Alexander
Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, The Netherlands.
Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2020 Sep 23;11(1):1815283. doi: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1815283.
In most disasters that have been studied, the underlying dangerous cause does not persist for very long. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic a progressively emerging life threat remains, exposing everyone to varying levels of risk of contracting the illness, dying, or infecting others. Distancing and avoiding company have a great impact on social life. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has an enormous economic impact for many losing work and income, which is even affecting basic needs such as access to food and housing. In addition, loss of loved ones may compound the effects of fear and loss of resources. The aim of this paper is to distil, from a range of published literature, lessons from past disasters to assist in mitigating adverse psychosocial reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic. European, American, and Asian studies of disasters show that long-term social and psychological consequences of disasters may compromise initial solidarity. Psychosocial disruptions, practical and financial problems, and complex community and political issues may then result in a 'second disaster'. Lessons from past disasters suggest that communities and their leaders, as well as mental healthcare providers, need to pay attention to fear regarding the ongoing threat, as well as sadness and grief, and to provide hope to mitigate social disruption.
在大多数已被研究的灾难中，潜在的危险因素不会持续很长时间。然而，在新冠疫情期间，一种逐渐显现的生命威胁依然存在，使每个人都面临感染疾病、死亡或传染他人的不同程度风险。保持社交距离和避免与人接触对社会生活产生了巨大影响。此外，新冠疫情对许多失去工作和收入的人造成了巨大的经济影响，甚至影响到诸如获得食物和住房等基本需求。此外，失去亲人可能会加剧恐惧和资源丧失的影响。本文的目的是从一系列已发表的文献中提炼过去灾难的经验教训，以帮助减轻对新冠疫情的不良社会心理反应。欧洲、美国和亚洲的灾难研究表明，灾难的长期社会和心理后果可能会损害最初的团结。社会心理混乱、实际和经济问题以及复杂的社区和政治问题可能会导致“二次灾难”。过去灾难的经验教训表明，社区及其领导人以及精神卫生保健提供者需要关注对持续威胁的恐惧以及悲伤和悲痛，并提供希望以减轻社会混乱。
