Lactic acid production - producing microorganisms and substrates sources-state of art.

Lactic acid is an organic compound produced via fermentation by different microorganisms that are able to use different carbohydrate sources. Lactic acid bacteria are the main bacteria used to produce lactic acid and among these, spp. have been showing interesting fermentation capacities. The use of spp. revealed good possibilities to reduce the fermentative costs. Interestingly, lactic acid high productivity was achieved by and mainly after engineering genetic modification. Fungi, like spp. can metabolize different renewable carbon resources, with advantageously amylolytic properties to produce lactic acid. Additionally, yeasts can tolerate environmental restrictions (for example acidic conditions), being the wild-type low lactic acid producers that have been improved by genetic manipulation. Microalgae and cyanobacteria, as photosynthetic microorganisms can be an alternative lactic acid producer without carbohydrate feed costs. For lactic acid production, it is necessary to have substrates in the fermentation medium. Different carbohydrate sources can be used, from plant waste as molasses, starchy, lignocellulosic materials as agricultural and forestry residues. Dairy waste also can be used by the addition of supplementary components with a nitrogen source.