Health Sciences, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
Prevention Research Coordination, Office of Disease Prevention, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Oct 22;17(21):7707. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17217707.
The primary purpose of this paper is to identify and review studies evaluating the effectiveness of programs to increase access to trails and trails use (physical activity) among youth from under-resourced communities. Three additional goals include identifying: (1) Correlates of physical activity/trail use and features of transportation systems and/or built environment and land use destinations, that may inform and support the planning and implementation of programs to promote trail use among youth, (2) benefits associated with trail use, and (3) barriers to trail use. Under-resourced communities are defined as those lacking sufficient resources (i.e., under-funded).
A review of the literature was conducted to identify, abstract, and evaluate studies related to programs to promote trail use among youth and youth from under-resourced communities. In anticipation of very few studies being published about this topic, studies were also reviewed to identify correlates of transportation systems and built environment and land use destinations related to increases in physical activity, and benefits of, and barriers to trail use. PUBMED, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Sportdiscus, Annual Reviews, American Trails, and Google Scholar databases were searched using terms including trails, built environment, physical activity, exercise, walking, children, adolescents, and youth to identify studies that potentially related to the purposes for conducting this review. Review methods identified, 5278 studies based on our search terms. A review of study titles, abstracts, and select full article screens determined that 5049 studies did not meet the study inclusion criteria, leaving 221 studies included in this review.
No studies were located that evaluated programs designed to promote and increase trail use among youth, including youth from under-resourced communities. Eight studies used longitudinal or quasi-experimental designs to evaluate physical activity and neighborhood characteristics prospectively among adolescent girls ( = 1), the effects of the path or trail development on physical activity behaviors of children, youth, and adults ( = 4), marketing or media campaigns ( = 2), and wayfinding and incremental distance signage ( = 1) to promote increased trail use. Correlates of transportation systems (e.g., trail access, road traffic congestion related to safe active travel, lack of sidewalks, closer proximity to trails, access to transportation), destinations (e.g., park availability and access, park improvements, greenspaces), or both routes and destinations (e.g., perceptions of safety, lighting), were identified. These correlates may support the planning and implementation of programs to increase trail use among youth, or may facilitate the connection of trails or routes to destinations in communities. Barriers to trail use included costs, crime, lack of transportation, lack of role models using trails, and institutional discrimination.
Scientific evidence in support of addressing the underrepresentation of trail use by youth from under-resourced communities is lacking. However, there is a related body of evidence that may inform how to develop programs that support trail use by youth from under-resourced areas. Dedicated, deliberate, and systematic efforts will be required to address research and knowledge gaps, and to evaluate programs and practice related to trail use among youth from low income, often racially or ethnically diverse under-resourced neighborhoods or communities.
本文的主要目的是确定和审查评估增加资源匮乏社区青年接触步道和步道使用（体力活动）的方案有效性的研究。三个额外的目标包括确定：（1）与体力活动/步道使用相关的因素，以及交通系统和/或建成环境和土地利用目的地的特征，这些因素可能为规划和实施促进青年步道使用的方案提供信息和支持；（2）与步道使用相关的益处；（3）步道使用的障碍。资源匮乏社区被定义为缺乏足够资源（即资金不足）的社区。
对文献进行了综述，以确定、提取和评估与促进资源匮乏社区青年和青年步道使用相关的方案。由于预计很少有关于这个主题的研究发表，因此还审查了研究，以确定与体力活动增加相关的交通系统和建成环境及土地利用目的地的相关性因素，以及步道使用的益处和障碍。使用术语（包括步道、建成环境、体力活动、锻炼、步行、儿童、青少年和青年）在 PUBMED、MEDLINE、PsycINFO、Sportdiscus、Annual Reviews、美国步道和 Google Scholar 数据库中进行搜索，以确定可能与进行本次审查目的相关的研究。审查方法确定了基于我们搜索词的 5278 项研究。通过对研究标题、摘要和部分全文的审查，确定 5049 项研究不符合研究纳入标准，只有 221 项研究纳入了本综述。
没有找到评估旨在促进和增加资源匮乏社区青年包括青年在内的步道使用的方案的研究。八项研究使用纵向或准实验设计前瞻性地评估了青少年女孩的体力活动和邻里特征（= 1）、步道或路径开发对儿童、青年和成年人体力活动行为的影响（= 4）、营销或媒体活动（= 2）以及寻路和增量距离标志（= 1），以促进增加步道使用。确定了与交通系统（例如，步道接入、与安全积极出行相关的道路交通拥堵、缺乏人行道、更接近步道、交通接入）、目的地（例如，公园可用性和接入、公园改善、绿地）或两者（例如，安全性、照明）相关的相关性因素。这些相关性因素可能支持规划和实施旨在增加青年步道使用的方案，或者可以促进将步道或路线与社区中的目的地连接起来。步道使用的障碍包括成本、犯罪、缺乏交通工具、缺乏使用步道的榜样以及制度歧视。
缺乏支持资源匮乏社区青年代表不足的步道使用的科学证据。然而，有相关的证据可以为如何制定支持资源匮乏地区青年使用步道的方案提供信息。需要专门、有计划和系统的努力来解决研究和知识差距，并评估与低收入、通常是种族或族裔多样化的资源匮乏社区或邻里青年步道使用相关的方案和实践。
