CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Jan 1;268(Pt B):115854. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115854. Epub 2020 Oct 17.
Public concern over the health implications of antimicrobials employed in aquaculture has resulted in adoption of strict regulations for their use. This study employed a high-throughput protocol covering 86 compounds in six pharmaceutical groups to screen feed and sediments from 20 tilapia ponds randomly in 18 farms of an aquacultural unit in southern China, one of important tilapia fillet suppliers in the world. Seventeen samples of commercial feeds from manufacturer-sealed bags in the farms were tetracyclines-free but not antibiotic-free. All the sealed-bag feeds contained quinolones and two feeds had sulfonamides (up to 140 μg kg). Meanwhile, seven leftover-feeds in opened bags contained added antimicrobials: tetracyclines (570-2790 μg kg) in all and florfenicol (20-294 μg kg) in four. All the feeds regardless sealed or not had large amounts (221-2642 μg kg) of salicylic acid (possible antimicrobial substitute) and caffeine, and one sealed-bag feed even was quantified with medroxyprogesterone. Surface sediments (0-10 cm) from the ponds were detected with 36 compounds and sublayer sediments (10-20) with 8 compounds. Large amounts of salicylic acid were present in both surface and sublayer sediments accounting up to 10% of total pharmaceutical residues. Surface sediments were dominated by antibiotics (5.2-172 μg kg), mainly sulfonamides and quinolones, contributing 68% of the total quantitative compound mass. Sublayer sediments were also enriched in quinolones (up to 260 μg kg). Surprisingly, all sediments contained progesterone (up to 8.0 μg kg) in coincidence to the feed with medroxyprogesterone, perhaps arising from endocrine abuses or cross-contamination. Although high levels of other pharmacologic residues (caffeine) in sediment posed greater than medium ecological risks, antibiotic residues contributed only 2-35% to the risk. These findings suggest that antibiotic-free feed may be insufficient to control antibiotic abuse in aquaculture and that additional regulatory actions may be necessary, such as veterinary prescription as human antibiotic uses.
公众对水产养殖中使用的抗生素对健康的影响表示关注，因此对其使用制定了严格的规定。本研究采用高通量方案，对来自中国南方一个水产养殖单位的 18 个养殖场的 20 个罗非鱼池塘的饲料和底泥进行了检测，共涉及 6 个药物组的 86 种化合物。这些养殖场的 17 个商业饲料样品均来自于生产商密封袋，这些样品中不含四环素，但并非不含抗生素。所有密封袋饲料均含有喹诺酮类药物，两种饲料含有磺胺类药物（高达 140μg/kg）。同时，在已开封的 7 个剩余饲料中发现添加了抗生素：所有样品均含有四环素（570-2790μg/kg），4 个样品中含有氟苯尼考（20-294μg/kg）。无论是否密封，所有饲料都含有大量水杨酸（可能的抗生素替代品）和咖啡因，其中一种密封袋饲料甚至被检测出含有甲羟孕酮。池塘表层（0-10cm）底泥中检测到 36 种化合物，亚表层（10-20cm）底泥中检测到 8 种化合物。水杨酸在表层和亚表层底泥中均大量存在，占总药物残留的 10%。表层底泥中以抗生素为主（5.2-172μg/kg），主要为磺胺类和喹诺酮类药物，占总定量化合物质量的 68%。亚表层底泥中也富含喹诺酮类药物（高达 260μg/kg）。令人惊讶的是，所有沉积物均含有孕酮（高达 8.0μg/kg），与含有甲羟孕酮的饲料一致，可能是由于内分泌失调或交叉污染。尽管沉积物中其他药理残留（咖啡因）水平较高，构成了较大的中等生态风险，但抗生素残留仅占 2-35%的风险。这些发现表明，无抗生素的饲料可能不足以控制水产养殖中的抗生素滥用，可能需要采取额外的监管措施，例如像人类抗生素使用一样进行兽医处方。
