Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 703, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
Part Fibre Toxicol. 2020 Nov 2;17(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s12989-020-00386-8.
Fetal development is a crucial window of susceptibility in which exposure may lead to detrimental health outcomes at birth and later in life. The placenta serves as a gatekeeper between mother and fetus. Knowledge regarding the barrier capacity of the placenta for nanoparticles is limited, mostly due to technical obstacles and ethical issues. We systematically summarize and discuss the current evidence and define knowledge gaps concerning the maternal-fetal transport and fetoplacental accumulation of (ultra)fine particles and nanoparticles. We included 73 studies on placental translocation of particles, of which 21 in vitro/ex vivo studies, 50 animal studies, and 2 human studies on transplacental particle transfer. This systematic review shows that (i) (ultra)fine particles and engineered nanoparticles can bypass the placenta and reach fetal units as observed for all the applied models irrespective of the species origin (i.e., rodent, rabbit, or human) or the complexity (i.e., in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo), (ii) particle size, particle material, dose, particle dissolution, gestational stage of the model, and surface composition influence maternal-fetal translocation, and (iii) no simple, standardized method for nanoparticle detection and/or quantification in biological matrices is available to date. Existing evidence, research gaps, and perspectives of maternal-fetal particle transfer are highlighted.
胎儿发育是一个易受伤害的关键窗口期，在此期间，暴露可能会导致出生时和以后生活中的不良健康后果。胎盘是母体和胎儿之间的守门员。关于纳米颗粒通过胎盘的屏障能力的知识有限，这主要是由于技术障碍和伦理问题。我们系统地总结和讨论了目前的证据，并确定了有关（超）细颗粒和纳米颗粒的母体-胎儿转运和胎-胎盘积累的知识空白。我们纳入了 73 项关于颗粒胎盘易位的研究，其中 21 项为体外/离体研究，50 项为动物研究，2 项为人类关于经胎盘颗粒转移的研究。这项系统综述表明：（i）（超）细颗粒和工程纳米颗粒可以绕过胎盘并到达胎儿单位，所有应用的模型都观察到了这一点，而不管物种起源（即啮齿动物、兔或人）或复杂性（即体外、离体或体内）如何；（ii）颗粒大小、颗粒材料、剂量、颗粒溶解、模型的妊娠阶段和表面组成影响母体-胎儿易位；（iii）目前尚无用于生物基质中纳米颗粒检测和/或定量的简单、标准化方法。突出了母体-胎儿颗粒转移的现有证据、研究空白和观点。
