Nannoni Eleonora, Aarnink André J A, Vermeer Herman M, Reimert Inonge, Fels Michaela, Bracke Marc B M
Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy.
Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Animals (Basel). 2020 Nov 3;10(11):2025. doi: 10.3390/ani10112025.
This is a comprehensive review on the pigs' normal eliminatory behaviour (i.e., defaecation and urination) and pen soiling. This review is aimed primarily at solving issues with pen soiling in current systems, and ultimately at the future design of a well-functioning pig toilet, which we intend to elaborate on in a subsequent publication. In this paper, first, normal elimination is described in relation to what is known about its phylogeny, ontogeny, causation, and function, i.e., according to Tinbergen's four why questions concerning animal behaviour. Then, pen soiling is described as if it were a medical disorder, highlighting its importance, aetiology, symptoms, diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. Due to its negative consequences in terms of animal welfare, health, workload, and environmental emissions, possible methods to address pen soiling in current systems are described. Probably, pigs do not choose a specific place to eliminate but rather choose the most comfortable place for resting, and avoid eliminating there. We identified four main strategies to reduce pen soiling: (1) reducing the suitability of the designated elimination area to be used for other functions, especially resting or thermoregulation; (2) improving the suitability of other functional areas in the pen to be used for their specific function, such as resting and activity; (3) reducing the suitability of other functional areas to be used for elimination; and (4) improving the suitability of the elimination area for elimination. These prevention strategies and the encompassing disease framework provide a structured approach to deal with pen soiling in existing systems and to support the future design, development, and implementation of a well-functioning pig toilet that can help to achieve some of the main goals of modern pig production, namely reducing environmental emissions as well as substantially improving pig welfare.
这是一篇关于猪正常排泄行为（即排便和排尿）及猪舍弄脏问题的综合综述。本综述主要旨在解决当前养殖系统中猪舍弄脏的问题，并最终为未来设计一个功能良好的猪用厕所，我们打算在后续出版物中详细阐述。在本文中，首先，根据已知的系统发育、个体发育、因果关系和功能，即按照廷伯根关于动物行为的四个“为什么”问题，描述正常排泄情况。然后，将猪舍弄脏描述为一种类似疾病的状况，突出其重要性、病因、症状、诊断、发病机制、治疗和预防。由于其在动物福利、健康、工作量和环境排放方面的负面影响，还描述了当前养殖系统中解决猪舍弄脏问题的可能方法。可能猪不会选择特定的地方进行排泄，而是选择最舒适的休息场所，并避免在那里排泄。我们确定了减少猪舍弄脏的四种主要策略：（1）降低指定排泄区域用于其他功能（尤其是休息或体温调节）的适宜性；（2）提高猪舍中其他功能区域用于其特定功能（如休息和活动）的适宜性；（3）降低其他功能区域用于排泄的适宜性；（4）提高排泄区域进行排泄的适宜性。这些预防策略和整体疾病框架为处理现有系统中的猪舍弄脏问题提供了一种结构化方法，并支持未来设计、开发和实施一个功能良好的猪用厕所，这有助于实现现代养猪生产的一些主要目标，即减少环境排放并大幅提高猪的福利。
