Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box: 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Public Health and Environment division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Mar;28(11):13288-13299. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11546-w. Epub 2020 Nov 11.
In the present study, occurrence of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) is reported in rural and urban household dust (floor and AC filter dust) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Several studies have found concerning concentrations of these toxic metals in indoor dust from different countries, but data from this region is missing. The association between studied toxic metals and different socioeconomic parameters was investigated. Furthermore, health risk associated with these toxic metals via dust exposure was evaluated for the Saudi population. Mean concentration of Pb was several times higher than As in both types of dust samples. AC filter dust was more contaminated with these metals than floor dust. Levels of Pb were up to 775 ppm in AC filter dust from urban areas, while 167 ppm in rural AC filter dust. Different socioeconomic parameters did not influence much on the presence of studied metals in both AC and floor dust. To estimate health risk from contaminated dust hazardous index (HI), hazardous quotient (HQ), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) via dust ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact was calculate using USEPA equations. The ILCR range for both toxic metals was within the tolerable range of reference values of USEPA (1 × 10 to 5 × 10). Nonetheless, HI was close to 1 for Pb via dust exposure for young urban children, which signifies the risk of non-carcinogenic health problems in studied area. Graphical abstract.
在本研究中，报告了沙特阿拉伯王国（KSA）农村和城市家庭灰尘（地板和空调过滤器灰尘）中砷（As）和铅（Pb）的存在。 许多研究发现，来自不同国家的室内灰尘中存在这些有毒金属令人担忧的浓度，但该地区的数据却缺失。 研究了这些有毒金属与不同社会经济参数之间的关联。 此外，还评估了沙特人口通过灰尘暴露与这些有毒金属相关的健康风险。 在两种类型的灰尘样本中，Pb 的平均浓度均高于 As。 AC 过滤器灰尘比地板灰尘受这些金属污染更严重。 城市地区 AC 过滤器灰尘中的 Pb 含量高达 775 ppm，而农村 AC 过滤器灰尘中的 Pb 含量为 167 ppm。 不同的社会经济参数对 AC 和地板灰尘中研究金属的存在影响不大。 为了估计受污染灰尘通过摄入、吸入和皮肤接触对健康的危害指数（HI）、危害商数（HQ）和增量终生癌症风险（ILCR），使用 USEPA 方程计算了这两种有毒金属的 HI、HQ 和 ILCR。 这两种有毒金属的 ILCR 范围都在 USEPA（1×10 至 5×10）可接受参考值范围内。 尽管如此，对于城市年轻儿童，通过灰尘暴露，Pb 的 HI 接近 1，这表明研究区域存在非致癌性健康问题的风险。 图形摘要。
