BACKGROUND

() is ubiquitous among humans and one of the best-studied examples of an intimate association between bacteria and humans. Phylogeny and Phylogeography of strains are known to mirror human migration patterns and reflect significant demographic events in human prehistory. In this study, we analyzed the molecular evolution of strains detected from different tribes and regions of Sudan using gene and the phylogenetic approach. . A total of 75 gastric biopsies were taken from patients who had been referred for endoscopy from different regions of Sudan. The DNA extraction was performed by using the guanidine chloride method. Two sets of primers (universal and specific for ) were used to amplify the gene. Sanger sequencing was applied, and the resulted sequences were matched with the sequences of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nucleotide database. The evolutionary aspects were analyzed using MEGA7 software.

RESULTS

Molecular detection of has shown that 28 (37.33%) of the patients were positive for and no significant differences were found in sociodemographic characteristics, endoscopy series, and infection. Nucleotide variations were observed at five nucleotide positions (positions 219, 305, 578, 741, and 763-764), and one insertion mutation (750_InsC_751) was present in sixty-seven percent (7/12) of our strains. These six mutations were detected in regions of the not closely associated with either tetracycline or binding sites; 66.67% of them were located in the central domain of . The phylogenetic analysis of sequences identified two lineages of strains detected from different regions in Sudan. The presence of Sudanese strains resembling Hungarian strains could reflect the migration of Hungarian people to Sudan or vice versa.

CONCLUSION

This finding emphasizes the significance of studying the phylogeny of strains as a discriminatory tool to mirror human migration patterns. In addition, the gene amplification method was found useful for bacterial identification and phylogeny.