National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy.
Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Oct 15;10:592512. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.592512. eCollection 2020.
The present study investigated the genomic constitution and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of 238 from pigs and wild boars in Italy between 2012 and 2019. strains were genotyped using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome MLST (wgMLST), screened for antimicrobial resistance genes, and tested for phenotypic susceptibility to six different antibiotics. was detected in 98.31% and 91.66% of pigs and wild boars, while was isolated in the remaining cases. MLST assigned 73 STs and 13 STs in pigs and wild boars, respectively, including 44 novel STs. The predominant ST in pigs was ST-854 (12.36%), followed by ST-9264 (6.18%). ST-1055 and ST-1417 were predominant in wild boars (30% and 13.33%, respectively). The minimum spanning tree using 1,121 global MLST profiles showed specific Italian clusters and a clear separation between pig and wild boar profiles. The wgMLST confirmed the MLST clustering and revealed a high genetic diversity within population in Italy. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of six antibiotics revealed higher resistance in pigs to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin and tetracycline, compared to wild boar. In contrast, most strains were susceptible to gentamicin. Worrying levels of multidrug resistance (MDR) were observed mostly in pig isolates. Molecular screening of AMR mechanisms revealed the predominance of gyrA T86I substitution among fluoroquinolone- and quinolone-resistant isolates, and the 23S rRNA A2075G mutation among macrolide-resistant isolates. Other resistance determinants were observed: (i) gene was present among tetracycline-resistant isolates; (ii) and (3')-III genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, were identified only in streptomycin or gentamicin-resistant pig isolates; (iii) genes responsible of pump efflux mechanisms, were observed in almost all the strains; (iv) -61, encoding β-lactamase, was found in the half of the strains. Genotypic and phenotypic AMR profiling was fairly correlated for quinolones/fluoroquinolones. infection is common also in wild boar populations in Italy, suggesting that wild boars could be a reservoir of resistant and multi-resistant species, which may be of public health concern. The present study adds to our knowledge on the epidemiological and ecological traits of this pathogen in domesticated and wild swine.
本研究调查了 2012 年至 2019 年间意大利猪和野猪中 238 株 的基因组构成和抗菌药物耐药性(AMR)。使用多位点序列分型(MLST)和全基因组 MLST(wgMLST)对 菌株进行基因分型,筛选抗菌药物耐药基因,并检测对 6 种不同抗生素的表型敏感性。在猪和野猪中分别检测到 98.31%和 91.66%的 ,而在其余情况下分离到 。MLST 将猪和野猪分别分配到 73 个 ST 和 13 个 ST,其中包括 44 个新的 ST。猪的主要 ST 是 ST-854(12.36%),其次是 ST-9264(6.18%)。ST-1055 和 ST-1417 是野猪中的主要 ST(分别为 30%和 13.33%)。使用 1121 个全球 MLST 谱的最小生成树显示了特定的意大利簇,并且猪和野猪的 MLST 谱之间存在明显的分离。wgMLST 证实了 MLST 聚类,并揭示了意大利 种群内的高遗传多样性。六种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)显示,与野猪相比,猪对环丙沙星、萘啶酸、链霉素和四环素的耐药性更高。相比之下,大多数菌株对庆大霉素敏感。观察到主要在猪分离株中存在的多药耐药(MDR)水平令人担忧。AMR 机制的分子筛选显示,氟喹诺酮类和喹诺酮类耐药分离株中存在 gyrA T86I 取代,大环内酯类耐药分离株中存在 23S rRNA A2075G 突变。还观察到其他耐药决定因素:(i)在四环素耐药分离株中存在 基因;(ii)仅在链霉素或庆大霉素耐药的猪分离株中鉴定出赋予氨基糖苷类耐药性的 和(3')-III 基因;(iii)几乎所有菌株中都存在负责泵外排机制的 基因;(iv)编码β-内酰胺酶的 -61 基因在一半的菌株中发现。表型和基因型 AMR 分析在喹诺酮类/氟喹诺酮类药物方面相当相关。 在意大利的野猪种群中也很常见,这表明野猪可能是耐药和多耐药 物种的储库,这可能引起公共卫生关注。本研究增加了我们对这种病原体在驯化和野猪中的流行病学和生态学特征的了解。