Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany.
J Mater Chem B. 2021 Jan 7;9(1):9-22. doi: 10.1039/d0tb02165b. Epub 2020 Nov 12.
Circulating biomarkers such as microRNAs (miRNAs), short noncoding RNA strands, represent prognostic and diagnostic indicators for a variety of physiological disorders making their detection and quantification an attractive approach for minimally invasive early disease diagnosis. However, highly sensitive and selective detection methods are required given the generally low abundance of miRNAs in body fluids together with the presence of large amounts of other potentially interfering biomolecules. Although a variety of miRNA isolation and detection methods have been established in clinics, they usually require trained personnel and often constitute labor-, time- and cost-intensive approaches. During the last years, nanoparticle-based biosensors have received increasing attention due to their superior detection efficiency even in very low concentration regimes. This is based on their unique physicochemical properties in combination with their high surface area that allows for the immobilization of multiple recognition sites resulting in fast and effective recognition of analytes. Among various materials, magnetic nanoparticles have been identified as useful tools for the separation, concentration, and detection of miRNAs. Here, we review state-of-the-art technology with regard to magnetic particle-based miRNA detection from body fluids, critically discussing challenges and future perspective of such biosensors while comparing their handling, sensitivity as well as selectivity against the established miRNA isolation and detection methods.
循环生物标志物，如 microRNAs（miRNAs），是短的非编码 RNA 链，它们是多种生理紊乱的预后和诊断指标，因此对其进行检测和定量分析是一种很有吸引力的微创早期疾病诊断方法。然而，鉴于 miRNA 在体液中的含量普遍较低，同时存在大量其他潜在干扰生物分子，因此需要高度敏感和选择性的检测方法。尽管在临床上已经建立了多种 miRNA 分离和检测方法，但它们通常需要经过培训的人员，并且通常构成劳动密集型、时间密集型和成本密集型方法。在过去的几年中，基于纳米粒子的生物传感器由于其即使在非常低的浓度范围内也具有优越的检测效率而受到越来越多的关注。这是基于它们独特的物理化学性质以及高表面积，允许固定多个识别位点，从而快速有效地识别分析物。在各种材料中，磁性纳米粒子已被确定为用于分离、浓缩和检测 miRNA 的有用工具。在这里，我们综述了基于磁性粒子的 miRNA 从体液中检测的最新技术，在比较它们的处理、灵敏度和选择性与已建立的 miRNA 分离和检测方法的同时，批判性地讨论了此类生物传感器的挑战和未来前景。
