Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2020 Nov;88:106944. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106944. Epub 2020 Oct 7.
Cancer vaccines are usually derived from the patient's tumor cells or the antigens found on their surface, which may help the immune system to identify and kill these malignant cells. Current focus of many researches is designing vaccines with the hope of triggering the immune system to attack cancer cells in a more effective, reliable and safe manner. Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is recognized as the third leading cause of death by cancer, but significant advances in therapy strategies have been made in recent years, including cancer vaccine. In this review, we present various vaccine platforms that have been used in the border battle against CRC, some of which have been approved for clinical use and some are in late-stage clinical trials. Until September 2020 there is approximately 1940 clinical trials of cancer vaccines on patients with different cancer types, and also many more trials are in the planning stages, which makes it the most important period of therapeutic cancer vaccines studies in the history of the immunotherapy. In cancer vaccines clinical trials, there are several considerations that must be taken into account including engineering of antigen-presenting cells, potential toxicity of antigenic areas, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vaccines, and monitoring of the patients' immune response. Therefore, the need to overcome immunosuppression mechanisms/immune tolerance is a critical step for the success of introducing therapeutic vaccines into the widely used drugs on market. In this way, better understanding of neoantigens, tumor immune surveillance escape mechanisms and host-tumor interactions are required to develop more effective and safe cancer vaccines.
癌症疫苗通常源自患者的肿瘤细胞或其表面的抗原，这有助于免疫系统识别和杀死这些恶性细胞。目前，许多研究的重点是设计疫苗，希望能够以更有效、可靠和安全的方式触发免疫系统攻击癌细胞。虽然结直肠癌（CRC）被认为是癌症死亡的第三大原因，但近年来在治疗策略方面取得了重大进展，包括癌症疫苗。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了用于对抗 CRC 的各种疫苗平台，其中一些已被批准用于临床，还有一些处于临床试验后期。截至 2020 年 9 月，针对不同癌症类型的患者，大约有 1940 项癌症疫苗的临床试验，还有更多的临床试验正在规划中，这是免疫疗法历史上癌症疫苗治疗研究最重要的时期。在癌症疫苗临床试验中，需要考虑几个因素，包括抗原呈递细胞的工程、抗原区域的潜在毒性、疫苗的药代动力学和药效学以及患者免疫反应的监测。因此，克服免疫抑制机制/免疫耐受是将治疗性疫苗成功引入市场上广泛使用的药物的关键步骤。为此，需要更好地了解新抗原、肿瘤免疫逃逸机制和宿主-肿瘤相互作用，以开发更有效和安全的癌症疫苗。
