Wang Kai, Man Kun, Liu Jiafeng, Liu Yang, Chen Qi, Zhou Yong, Yang Yong
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States.
North Texas Eye Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States.
ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2020 Jun 8;6(6):3231-3257. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01667. Epub 2020 May 10.
Microphysiological systems, including organoids, 3-D printed tissue constructs and organ-on-a-chips (organ chips), are physiologically relevant models and have experienced explosive growth in the past decades. Different from conventional, tissue culture plastic-based models or animal models, microphysiological systems recapitulate key microenvironmental characteristics of human organs and mimic their primary functions. The advent of microphysiological systems is attributed to evolving biomaterials, micro-/nanotechnologies and stem cell biology, which enable the precise control over the matrix properties and the interactions between cells, tissues and organs in physiological conditions. As such, microphysiological systems have been developed to model a broad spectrum of organs from microvasculature, eye, to lung and many others to understand human organ development and disease pathology and facilitate drug discovery. Multiorgans-on-a-chip systems have also been developed by integrating multiple associated organ chips in a single platform, which allows to study and employ the organ function in a systematic approach. Here we first discuss the design principles of microphysiological systems with a focus on the anatomy and physiology of organs, and then review the commonly used fabrication techniques and biomaterials for microphysiological systems. Subsequently, we discuss the recent development of microphysiological systems, and provide our perspectives on advancing microphysiological systems for preclinical investigation and drug discovery of human disease.
微生理系统，包括类器官、3D打印组织构建体和器官芯片，是具有生理相关性的模型，在过去几十年中经历了爆炸式增长。与传统的基于组织培养塑料的模型或动物模型不同，微生理系统概括了人体器官的关键微环境特征，并模拟其主要功能。微生理系统的出现归因于不断发展的生物材料、微/纳米技术和干细胞生物学，这些技术能够在生理条件下精确控制基质特性以及细胞、组织和器官之间的相互作用。因此，微生理系统已被开发用于模拟从微脉管系统、眼睛到肺以及许多其他器官的广泛谱系，以了解人体器官发育和疾病病理学，并促进药物发现。通过将多个相关的器官芯片集成在一个平台上，还开发了多器官芯片系统，这使得能够以系统的方法研究和应用器官功能。在这里，我们首先讨论微生理系统的设计原则，重点是器官的解剖学和生理学，然后回顾微生理系统常用的制造技术和生物材料。随后，我们讨论微生理系统的最新进展，并就推进微生理系统用于人类疾病的临床前研究和药物发现提供我们的观点。
