Marine Biotoxin Department, Mar del Plata Regional Laboratory, Agri-food Health and Quality National Service (SENASA).
Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Straße 3, 85748 Garching, German; Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
Harmful Algae. 2020 Nov;99:101910. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101910. Epub 2020 Oct 16.
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning is a potentially fatal syndrome, resulting from the filter-feeding activities of marine molluscs accumulating harmful neurotoxins naturally occurring in microalgae. Outbreaks are well recognised throughout most regions of the world, but with the highest levels of toxicity to date recorded in mussels from Argentina. Whilst toxicity has been documented for selected outbreaks over the years, testing has been conducted using a mouse bioassay. Consequently there is a need to establish baseline data utilising modern chemical detection methods, which also facilitate the quantification of individual toxin analogues, giving useful data on toxin profiles as well as total sample toxicity. In this study, 151 shellfish samples harvested from the marine waters of Argentina between 1980 and 2012 were subjected to analysis by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, since Jan 2019 the European Union reference method for PSP determination. Total PST concentrations were found to vary enormously throughout the coastline of Argentina, with higher levels of toxins found in the central regions of Rio Negro and Chubut. Toxin profiles in terms of molar percentage of total concentrations were dominated by the gonyautoxins GTX1&4 and GTX2&3, followed by C1&2, STX and dcGTX2&3, with minor levels of other analogues previously not reported in the country. Profiles were found to vary significantly, with statistical clusters of profile types associated with a wide range of factors, including species, spatial and temporal differences, as well as likely source microalgae species and potential toxin transformation pathways. Overall application of the chemical detection method has confirmed both the significant risk to shellfish consumers in Argentina with periodic outbreaks of extremely high toxin levels and a large variability in toxin profiles relating in part to previously reported variabilities in microalgal toxin content. The study has demonstrated the potential for the method to systematically study the relationships between toxicity, toxin profile, source phytoplankton and other environmental factors.
麻痹性贝类毒素中毒是一种潜在致命的综合征，是由滤食性海洋软体动物在微藻中积累天然存在的有害神经毒素而引起的。世界上大多数地区都有明确的爆发记录，但到目前为止，阿根廷贻贝中记录到的毒性水平最高。虽然多年来对一些爆发事件的毒性进行了记录，但测试是使用小鼠生物测定法进行的。因此，有必要利用现代化学检测方法建立基线数据，这也有助于量化各个毒素类似物，为毒素谱以及总样品毒性提供有用的数据。在这项研究中，从 1980 年到 2012 年，从阿根廷海洋水域中采集了 151 个贝类样本，采用液相色谱法与荧光检测法进行分析，这是欧盟自 2019 年 1 月以来用于 PSP 测定的参考方法。在所研究的阿根廷整个海岸线范围内，总 PST 浓度差异巨大，在里奥内格罗和丘布特的中部地区发现了更高水平的毒素。从总浓度的摩尔百分比来看，毒素谱以 GTX1 和 4 以及 GTX2 和 3 为主，其次是 C1 和 2、STX 和 dcGTX2 和 3，其他类似物的水平较低，此前在该国未报告过。发现图谱存在显著差异，与物种、空间和时间差异以及可能的源微藻物种和潜在的毒素转化途径等广泛因素相关的图谱类型存在统计聚类。化学检测方法的总体应用证实了阿根廷贝类消费者面临的重大风险，周期性爆发极高水平的毒素和与部分归因于先前报道的微藻毒素含量变化的毒素谱的巨大差异。该研究表明，该方法有潜力系统地研究毒性、毒素谱、源浮游植物和其他环境因素之间的关系。
