Wynder E L, Goldsmith R
Cancer. 1977 Sep;40(3):1246-68. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197709)40:3<1246::aid-cncr2820400340>3.0.co;2-5.
A case-control study among 574 male and 158 female bladder cancer patients and equal numbers of matched controls was conducted between 1969 and 1974 in 17 hospitals in six United States cities. We determined that cigarette smokers of both sexes were at higher relative risk than nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking was responsible for about one-half of male and one-third of female bladder cancer. There was an excess of bladder cancer patients with some previous occupational exposure, such as rubber, chemicals, and textiles. A weak association with coffee drinking, which appeared to be independent of smoking, was found for males. Users of artificial sweeteners were not over-represented among the cases. The authors conclude that the epidemiologic pattern of bladder cancer cannot be fully accounted for by cigarette smoking and occupational exposure and suggest a series of metabolic studies to assess the role of additional factors, such as nutrition.
1969年至1974年间，在美国六个城市的17家医院对574名男性和158名女性膀胱癌患者以及数量相等的匹配对照进行了一项病例对照研究。我们确定，男女吸烟者的相对风险均高于不吸烟者。吸烟导致了约一半的男性膀胱癌和三分之一的女性膀胱癌。有一些既往职业暴露史（如橡胶、化学制品和纺织品行业）的膀胱癌患者数量过多。在男性中发现了与喝咖啡存在微弱关联，且这种关联似乎独立于吸烟。人工甜味剂使用者在病例中并未占比过高。作者得出结论，膀胱癌的流行病学模式不能完全由吸烟和职业暴露来解释，并建议进行一系列代谢研究，以评估营养等其他因素的作用。
