Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszwa, Poland.
Results Probl Cell Differ. 2020;69:253-280. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_10.
The progress of evolutionary biology has revealed that symbiosis played a basic role in the evolution of complex eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Mitochondria are actually simplified endosymbiotic bacteria currently playing the role of cellular organelles. Mitochondrial domestication occurred at the very beginning of eukaryotic evolution. Mitochondria have two different basic functions: they produce energy using oxidative respiration, and they initiate different forms of apoptotic programmed/regulated cell death. Apoptotic programmed cell death may have different cytological forms. Mechanisms of apoptotic programmed cell death exist even in the unicellular organisms, and they play a basic role in the development of complex multicellular organisms, such as fungi, green plants, and animals. Multicellularity was independently established many times among eukaryotes. There are indications that apoptotic programmed cell death is a trait required for the establishment of multicellularity. Regulated cell death is initiated by many different parallel biochemical pathways. It is generally accepted that apoptosis evolved during mitochondrial domestication. However, there are different hypothetical models of the origin of apoptosis. The phylogenetic studies of my group indicate that apoptosis probably evolved during an evolutionary arms race between host ancestral eukaryotic predators and ancestral prey mitochondria (named protomitochondria). Protomitochondrial prey produced many different toxins as a defense against predators. From these toxins evolved extant apoptotic factors. There are indications that aerobic respiration and apoptosis co-evolved and are functionally linked in extant organisms. Perturbations of apoptosis and oxidative respiration are frequently observed during neoplastic transition. Our group showed that perturbations of apoptosis in yeasts also cause perturbations of oxidative respiration.
进化生物学的进展表明，共生在包括人类在内的复杂真核生物的进化中起着基本作用。线粒体实际上是简化的内共生细菌，目前扮演着细胞细胞器的角色。线粒体的驯化发生在真核生物进化的早期。线粒体有两种不同的基本功能：它们利用氧化呼吸产生能量，并且启动不同形式的凋亡程序性/调控细胞死亡。凋亡程序性细胞死亡可能具有不同的细胞学形式。凋亡程序性细胞死亡的机制甚至存在于单细胞生物中，它们在真菌、绿色植物和动物等复杂多细胞生物的发育中起着基本作用。多细胞生物在真核生物中多次独立建立。有迹象表明，凋亡程序性细胞死亡是建立多细胞生物所必需的特征。调控细胞死亡由许多不同的平行生化途径引发。普遍认为凋亡是在线粒体驯化过程中进化而来的。然而，对于凋亡的起源有不同的假设模型。我们小组的系统发育研究表明，凋亡可能是在宿主原始真核捕食者和原始猎物线粒体（称为原线粒体）之间的进化军备竞赛中进化而来的。原线粒体猎物产生了许多不同的毒素作为抵御捕食者的防御手段。现存的凋亡因子就是从这些毒素中进化而来的。有迹象表明，需氧呼吸和凋亡在现存生物中共同进化并在功能上相互关联。在肿瘤转化过程中经常观察到凋亡和氧化呼吸的紊乱。我们小组表明，酵母中凋亡的紊乱也会导致氧化呼吸的紊乱。
