Varikou Kyriaki, Kasiotis Konstantinos M, Bempelou Eleftheria, Manea-Karga Electra, Anagnostopoulos Chris, Charalampous Angeliki, Garantonakis Nikos, Birouraki Athanasia, Hatjina Fani, Machera Kyriaki
Department of Entomology, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, ELGO-DIMITRA, Leoforos Karamanli, 73100 Chania, Crete, Greece.
Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., 14561 Kifissia, Greece.
Insects. 2020 Dec 2;11(12):855. doi: 10.3390/insects11120855.
In 2017 and 2018, a field survey was initiated on Greek olive orchards to investigate the attractiveness of bait spray applications and the impact of cover and bait sprays applied against the olive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae), on the honeybee, L. and bumblebees , by investigating the pesticides' residual prevalence. Bee colonies were evenly distributed in three sites located on coastal areas of Western Crete and visited almost weekly between July and October. Samples collected, were analyzed using existing or developed-optimized liquid and gas chromatographic methods. In bee samples, concentrations varied from 0.0013 to 2.3 mg/kg for dimethoate, from 0.0013-0.059 mg/kg for its metabolite omethoate, and from 0.0035 to 0.63 mg/kg regarding the pyrethroids, β-cyfluthrin and λ-cyhalothrin. In one bee sample dimethoate concentration exceeded both acute oral and contact median lethal dose (LD). Residue findings in bees, along with verified olive oil residues corroborated that those insecticides had been applied in the olive orchards and transferred to bees. The possibility of non-target effects of the bait sprays to the bees, as well as the impact of the contaminated olive to the bees are discussed.
2017年和2018年，在希腊橄榄园开展了一项实地调查，通过调查农药残留发生率，研究诱饵喷雾应用的吸引力以及针对橄榄果蝇（双翅目：实蝇科）施用的覆盖喷雾和诱饵喷雾对蜜蜂（意大利蜜蜂）和熊蜂的影响。蜂群均匀分布在位于克里特岛西部沿海地区的三个地点，在7月至10月期间几乎每周进行一次走访。采集的样本使用现有的或开发优化的液相和气相色谱方法进行分析。在蜜蜂样本中，乐果浓度在0.0013至2.3毫克/千克之间，其代谢产物氧乐果浓度在0.0013至0.059毫克/千克之间，拟除虫菊酯类的高效氟氯氰菊酯和氯氟氰菊酯浓度在0.0035至0.63毫克/千克之间。在一个蜜蜂样本中，乐果浓度超过了急性经口和经皮半数致死剂量（LD）。蜜蜂体内的残留检测结果以及经证实的橄榄油残留结果证实，这些杀虫剂已在橄榄园中施用并转移到了蜜蜂身上。文中讨论了诱饵喷雾对蜜蜂产生非靶标效应的可能性，以及受污染的橄榄对蜜蜂的影响。
