Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2022 May;42(4):955-971. doi: 10.1007/s10571-020-01016-9. Epub 2020 Dec 10.
Neurodegenerative diseases might be slow but relentless, as we continue to fail in treating or delaying their progression. Given the complexity in the pathogenesis of these diseases, a broad-acting approach like photobiomodulation can prove promising. Photobiomodulation (PBM) uses red and infrared light for therapeutic benefits, working by stimulating growth and proliferation. The implications of photobiomodulation have been studied in several neurodegenerative disease models. It has been shown to improve cell survival, decrease apoptosis, alleviate oxidative stress, suppress inflammation, and rescue mitochondrial function. In in vivo models, it has reportedly preserved motor and cognitive skills. Beyond mitochondrial stimulation, the molecular mechanisms by which photobiomodulation protects against neurodegeneration have not been very well studied. This review has systematically been undertaken to study the effects of photobiomodulation at a molecular level and identify the different biochemical pathways and molecular changes in the process. The data showed the involvement of pathways like extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein kinase B (Akt). In addition, the expression of several genes and proteins playing different roles in the disease mechanisms was found to be influenced by PBM, such as neurotrophic factors and secretases. Studying the literature indicated that PBM can be translated to a potential therapeutic tool, acting through a spectrum of mechanisms that work together to decelerate disease progression in the organism, which is difficult to achieve through pharmacological interventions.
神经退行性疾病可能进展缓慢但无情，因为我们在治疗或延缓其进展方面继续失败。鉴于这些疾病发病机制的复杂性，像光生物调节这样的广泛作用方法可能有前途。光生物调节（PBM）使用红色和红外线进行治疗，通过刺激生长和增殖来发挥作用。光生物调节的影响已在几种神经退行性疾病模型中进行了研究。它已被证明可以提高细胞存活率、减少细胞凋亡、减轻氧化应激、抑制炎症和挽救线粒体功能。在体内模型中，据报道它可以保持运动和认知技能。除了刺激线粒体之外，光生物调节对神经退行性变的保护作用的分子机制尚未得到很好的研究。这项综述系统地研究了 PBM 在分子水平上的作用，并确定了该过程中不同的生化途径和分子变化。数据表明，细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）、丝裂原激活蛋白激酶（MAPK）和蛋白激酶 B（Akt）等途径参与其中。此外，还发现几种在疾病机制中发挥不同作用的基因和蛋白质的表达受到 PBM 的影响，例如神经营养因子和分泌酶。研究文献表明，PBM 可以转化为一种潜在的治疗工具，通过一系列共同作用的机制发挥作用，以减缓机体中的疾病进展，这通过药理学干预很难实现。
