Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics (BIND) Center, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy.
Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy.
J Sport Health Sci. 2020 Dec;9(6):578-586. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.12.004. Epub 2020 Jan 2.
Core affect is defined as the most general affective construct consciously accessible that is experienced constantly. It can be experienced as free-floating (mood) or related to prototypical emotional episodes. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of pleasant and unpleasant core affect on cyclo-ergometer endurance performance. Specifically, we considered the influence of pleasant and unpleasant core affect on performance outcomes (i.e., time to task completion) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE; Borg Scale, category ratio-10) collected during the task.
Thirty-one participants aged 20-28 years were recruited. Core affect was randomly elicited by 2 sets of pleasant and unpleasant pictures chosen from the international affective picture system. Pictures were displayed to participants during a cyclo-ergometer performance in 2 days in a counterbalanced order. RPE was collected every minute to detect volunteers' exhaustion.
The study sample was split into 2 groups. Group 1 comprised participants who performed better with pleasant core affect, whereas Group 2 included participants who performed better with unpleasant core affect. Mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance revealed a significant 2 (group) × 2 (condition) × 5 (isotime) interaction (p = 0.002, η = 0.158). Post hoc comparisons showed that participants who obtained better performance with pleasant core affect (pleasant pictures; Group 1) reported lower RPE values at 75% of time to exhaustion in a pleasant core affect condition compared to an unpleasant core affect condition. On the other hand, participants who obtained better performance with unpleasant core affect (unpleasant pictures; Group 2) reported lower RPE values at 75% and 100% of time to exhaustion in an unpleasant core affect condition.
Findings suggest differential effects of pleasant and unpleasant core affect on performance. Moreover, core affect was found to influence perceived exertion and performance according to participants' preferences for pleasant or unpleasant core affect.
核心情感被定义为意识可及的最普遍的情感结构，它是持续体验到的。它可以被体验为自由浮动的（情绪）或与典型的情绪事件有关。本研究的目的是考察愉快和不愉快核心情感对自行车测力计耐力表现的影响。具体来说，我们考虑了愉快和不愉快核心情感对任务期间收集的性能结果（即完成任务的时间）和感知用力（Borg 量表，比例 10 级）的影响。
招募了 31 名年龄在 20-28 岁的参与者。核心情感通过两组从国际情感图片系统中选择的愉快和不愉快图片随机诱发。在 2 天内以平衡的顺序将图片显示给参与者在自行车测力计上进行性能测试。每一分钟收集一次 RPE，以检测志愿者的疲劳程度。
研究样本分为两组。第 1 组包括在愉快核心情感下表现更好的参与者，而第 2 组包括在不愉快核心情感下表现更好的参与者。混合的被试内方差分析显示出显著的 2（组）×2（条件）×5（等时）交互作用（p=0.002，η=0.158）。事后比较表明，在愉快核心情感条件下表现更好的参与者（愉快图片；第 1 组）报告在 75%的疲劳时间时，其在愉快核心情感条件下的 RPE 值低于不愉快核心情感条件。另一方面，在不愉快核心情感条件下表现更好的参与者（不愉快图片；第 2 组）报告在 75%和 100%的疲劳时间时，其 RPE 值较低。
研究结果表明愉快和不愉快核心情感对表现有不同的影响。此外，根据参与者对愉快或不愉快核心情感的偏好，发现核心情感会影响感知用力和表现。
