Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Solid State, Faculty of Physics, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
J Control Release. 2021 Feb 10;330:49-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.022. Epub 2020 Dec 16.
Microbubbles (MBs) have been extensively investigated in the field of biomedicine for the past few decades. Ultrasound and laser are the most frequently used sources of energy to produce MBs. Traditional acoustic methods induce MBs with poor localized areas of action. A high energy level is required to generate MBs through the focused continuous laser, which can be harmful to healthy tissues. As an alternative, plasmonic light-responsive nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), are preferably used with continuous laser to decrease the energy threshold and reduce the bubbles area of action. It is also well-known that the utilization of the pulsed lasers instead of the continuous lasers decreases the needed AuNPs doses as well as laser power threshold. When well-confined bubbles are generated in biological environments, they play their own unique mechanical and optical roles. The collapse of a bubble can mechanically affect its surrounding area. Such a capability can be used for cargo delivery to cancer cells and cell surgery, destruction, and transfection. Moreover, the excellent ability of light scattering makes the bubbles suitable for cancer imaging. This review firstly provides an overview of the fundamental aspects of AuNPs-mediated bubbles and then their emerging applications in the field of cancer nanotechnology will be reviewed. Although the pre-clinical studies on the AuNP-mediated bubbles have shown promising data, it seems that this technique would not be applicable to every kind of cancer. The clinical application of this technique may basically be limited to the good accessible lesions like the superficial, intracavity and intraluminal tumors. The other essential challenges against the clinical translation of AuNP-mediated bubbles are also discussed.
微泡（MBs）在过去几十年的生物医学领域得到了广泛的研究。超声和激光是产生 MBs 最常用的能源。传统的声学方法产生的 MBs 作用区域较差。为了通过聚焦连续激光产生 MBs，需要较高的能量水平，这可能对健康组织造成伤害。作为替代方法，等离子体光响应纳米粒子，如金纳米粒子（AuNPs），与连续激光一起使用以降低能量阈值并减小气泡的作用区域。众所周知，使用脉冲激光代替连续激光可以降低所需的 AuNP 剂量和激光功率阈值。当在生物环境中产生良好限制的气泡时，它们会发挥自己独特的机械和光学作用。气泡的崩溃可以机械地影响其周围区域。这种能力可用于将货物递送到癌细胞和细胞手术、破坏和转染。此外，光散射的优异能力使气泡适合癌症成像。本综述首先概述了 AuNPs 介导的气泡的基本方面，然后综述了它们在癌症纳米技术领域的新兴应用。尽管 AuNP 介导的气泡的临床前研究显示出有希望的数据，但似乎该技术不适用于所有类型的癌症。该技术的临床应用可能基本上仅限于良好可及的病变，如浅表、腔内和腔内肿瘤。还讨论了 AuNP 介导的气泡临床转化的其他重要挑战。
