School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
Sports Med. 2021 Mar;51(3):391-403. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01396-4.
Endurance athletes expend large amounts of energy in prolonged high-intensity exercise and, due to the weight-sensitive nature of most endurance sports, often practice periods of dietary restriction. The Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport models consider endurance athletes at high-risk for suffering from low energy availability and associated health complications, including an increased chance of bone stress injury. Several studies have examined the effects of low energy availability on various parameters of bone structure and markers of bone (re)modelling; however, there are differences in findings and research methods and critical summaries are lacking. It is difficult for athletes to reduce energy expenditure or increase energy intake (to restore energy availability) in an environment where performance is a priority. Development of an alternative tool to help protect bone health would be beneficial. High-impact exercise can be highly osteogenic and energy efficient; however, at present, it is rarely utilized to promote bone health in endurance athletes. Therefore, with a view to reducing the prevalence of bone stress injury, the objectives of this review are to evaluate the effects of low energy availability on bone health in endurance athletes and explore whether a high-impact exercise intervention may help to prevent those effects from occurring.
耐力运动员在长时间的高强度运动中消耗大量能量，而且由于大多数耐力运动的重量敏感性质，他们经常进行饮食限制期。女性运动员三联征和运动相关的相对能量不足模型认为，耐力运动员有遭受能量供应不足和相关健康并发症的高风险，包括骨应激损伤的几率增加。有几项研究检查了低能量供应对骨结构和骨（重塑）标志物的各种参数的影响；然而，研究结果和研究方法存在差异，缺乏关键总结。在以表现为优先的环境中，运动员很难减少能量消耗或增加能量摄入（以恢复能量供应）。开发一种替代工具来帮助保护骨骼健康将是有益的。高冲击运动具有高度成骨和节能的特点；然而，目前，它很少用于促进耐力运动员的骨骼健康。因此，为了降低骨应激损伤的发生率，本综述的目的是评估低能量供应对耐力运动员骨骼健康的影响，并探讨高冲击运动干预是否有助于预防这些影响的发生。
