Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
Nutrients. 2020 Dec 30;13(1):100. doi: 10.3390/nu13010100.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent cancer in men and the fifth most common cause of death worldwide, with an estimated 378,553 deaths in 2020. Prostate cancer shows a strong tendency to form metastatic foci in the bones. A number of interactions between cancer cells attacking bones and cells of the bone matrix lead to destruction of the bone and growth of the tumour. The last few decades have seen increased interest in the precise role of minerals in human health and disease. Tumour cells accumulate various minerals that promote their intensive growth. Bone, as a storehouse of elements, can be a valuable source of them for the growing tumour. There are also reports suggesting that the presence of some tumours, e.g., of the breast, can adversely affect bone structure even in the absence of metastasis to this organ. This paper presents the effect of chronic dietary intake of calcium, iron and zinc, administered in doses corresponding maximally to twice their level in a standard diet, on homeostasis of selected elements (Ca, K, Zn, Fe, Cu, Sr, Ni, Co, Mn and Mo) in the femoral bones of healthy rats and rats with implanted cancer cells of the LNCaP line. The experiment was conducted over 90 days. After the adaptation period, the animals were randomly divided into four dietary groups: standard diet and supplementation with Zn, Fe and Ca. Every dietary group was divided into experimental group (with implanted cancer cells) and control group (without implanted cancer cells). The cancer cells (LnCaP) were implanted intraperitoneally in the amount 1 × 10 to the rats at day 90 of their lifetime. Bone tissue was dried and treated with microwave-assisted mineral digestation. Total elemental content was quantified by ICP-MS. Student's -test and Anova or Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied in order to compare treatment and dietary groups. In the case of most of the diets, especially the standard diet, the femoral bones of rats with implanted LNCaP cells showed a clear downward trend in the content of the elements tested, which may be indicative of slow osteolysis taking place in the bone tissue. In the group of rats receiving the standard diet, there were significant reductions in the content of Mo (by 83%), Ca (25%), Co (22%), Mn (13%), K (13%) and Sr (9%) in the bone tissue of rats with implanted LNCaP cells in comparison with the control group receiving the same diet but without LNCaP implantation. Supplementation of the rat diet with calcium, zinc and iron decreased the frequency of these changes relative to the standard diet, which may indicate that the diet had an inhibitory effect on bone resorption in conditions of LNCaP implantation. The principal component analysis (PCA) score plot confirms the pronounced effect of implanted LNCaP cells and the standard diet on bone composition. At the same time, supplementation with calcium, zinc and iron seems to improve bone composition. The microelements that most often underwent quantitative changes in the experimental conditions were cobalt, manganese and molybdenum.
前列腺癌（PCa）是男性中第二常见的癌症，也是全球第五大常见的死亡原因，估计 2020 年有 378,553 人因此死亡。前列腺癌在骨骼中形成转移性病灶的趋势很强。癌细胞攻击骨骼和骨基质细胞之间的一系列相互作用导致骨骼破坏和肿瘤生长。在过去的几十年中，人们对矿物质在人类健康和疾病中的精确作用越来越感兴趣。肿瘤细胞积累了各种促进其密集生长的矿物质。骨骼作为元素的储存库，可以为生长中的肿瘤提供有价值的来源。也有报道表明，某些肿瘤的存在，例如乳腺癌，即使没有转移到该器官，也会对骨骼结构产生不利影响。本文介绍了慢性饮食摄入钙、铁和锌的影响，这些矿物质的剂量最大可达标准饮食中含量的两倍，以维持健康大鼠和植入 LNCaP 系癌细胞大鼠股骨中选定元素（Ca、K、Zn、Fe、Cu、Sr、Ni、Co、Mn 和 Mo）的内稳定。该实验进行了 90 天。适应期后，动物随机分为四组饮食：标准饮食和补充 Zn、Fe 和 Ca。每个饮食组又分为实验组（植入癌细胞）和对照组（未植入癌细胞）。在大鼠生命的第 90 天，通过腹腔内注射 1×10 将癌细胞（LnCaP）植入大鼠体内。将骨组织干燥并进行微波辅助矿物消化处理。通过 ICP-MS 定量分析总元素含量。为了比较处理和饮食组，应用了学生 t 检验和方差分析或 Kruskal-Wallis 检验。在大多数饮食的情况下，尤其是标准饮食，植入 LNCaP 细胞的大鼠股骨中测试元素的含量明显呈下降趋势，这可能表明骨组织中发生了缓慢的溶骨性变化。在接受标准饮食的大鼠组中，与接受相同饮食但未植入 LNCaP 的对照组相比，植入 LNCaP 细胞的大鼠骨组织中 Mo（减少 83%）、Ca（减少 25%）、Co（减少 22%）、Mn（减少 13%）、K（减少 13%）和 Sr（减少 9%）的含量显著降低。用钙、锌和铁补充大鼠饮食，与标准饮食相比，这些变化的频率降低，这可能表明饮食对 LNCaP 植入条件下的骨吸收具有抑制作用。主成分分析（PCA）得分图证实了植入的 LNCaP 细胞和标准饮食对骨成分的显著影响。同时，补充钙、锌和铁似乎可以改善骨成分。在实验条件下，定量变化最频繁的微量元素是钴、锰和钼。
