Morici Giuseppe, Cibella Fabio, Cogo Annalisa, Palange Paolo, Bonsignore Maria R
Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy.
Front Public Health. 2020 Dec 11;8:575137. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.575137. eCollection 2020.
Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is increasing worldwide. Habitual physical activity is known to prevent cardiorespiratory diseases and mortality, but whether exposure to TRAP during exercise affects respiratory health is still uncertain. Exercise causes inflammatory changes in the airways, and its interaction with the effects of TRAP or ozone might be detrimental, for both athletes exercising outdoor and urban active commuters. In this Mini-Review, we summarize the literature on the effects of exposure to TRAP and/or ozone during exercise on lung function, respiratory symptoms, performance, and biomarkers. Ozone negatively affected pulmonary function after exercise, especially after combined exposure to ozone and diesel exhaust (DE). Spirometric changes after exercise during exposure to particulate matter and ultrafine particles suggest a decrease in lung function, especially in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ozone frequently caused respiratory symptoms during exercise. Women showed decreased exercise performance and higher symptom prevalence than men during TRAP exposure. However, performance was analyzed in few studies. To date, research has not identified reliable biomarkers of TRAP-related lung damage useful for monitoring athletes' health, except in scarce studies on airway cells obtained by induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage. In conclusion, despite partly counteracted by the positive effects of habitual exercise, the negative effects of TRAP exposure to pollutants during exercise are hard to assess: outdoor exercise is a complex model, for multiple and variable exposures to air pollutants and pollutant concentrations. Further studies are needed to identify pollutant and/or time thresholds for performing safe outdoor exercise in cities.
与交通相关的空气污染（TRAP）在全球范围内呈上升趋势。习惯性体育活动已知可预防心肺疾病和死亡，但运动期间暴露于TRAP是否会影响呼吸健康仍不确定。运动可引起气道的炎症变化，其与TRAP或臭氧的影响相互作用可能对户外锻炼的运动员和城市积极通勤者均有害。在本综述中，我们总结了关于运动期间暴露于TRAP和/或臭氧对肺功能、呼吸道症状、运动表现和生物标志物影响的文献。臭氧在运动后对肺功能有负面影响，尤其是在同时暴露于臭氧和柴油废气（DE）之后。在暴露于颗粒物和超细颗粒期间运动后的肺功能测定变化表明肺功能下降，尤其是在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中。臭氧在运动期间经常引起呼吸道症状。在TRAP暴露期间，女性的运动表现下降且症状患病率高于男性。然而，很少有研究分析运动表现。迄今为止，除了对通过诱导痰或支气管肺泡灌洗获得的气道细胞进行的少量研究外，尚未发现可用于监测运动员健康的与TRAP相关的肺损伤的可靠生物标志物。总之，尽管习惯性运动的积极作用部分抵消了运动期间暴露于TRAP污染物的负面影响，但这种负面影响仍难以评估：户外运动是一个复杂的模型，因为会多次且可变地暴露于空气污染物和污染物浓度。需要进一步研究以确定在城市中进行安全户外运动的污染物和/或时间阈值。
