Ozulumba Tochukwu, Ingavle Ganesh, Gogotsi Yury, Sandeman Susan
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK.
Department of Material Science and Engineering, and A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Biomater Sci. 2021 Mar 10;9(5):1805-1815. doi: 10.1039/d0bm01953d.
The effective control of microbial and metabolically derived biological toxins which negatively impact physical health remains a key challenge for the 21st century. 2-Dimensional graphene and MXene nanomaterials are relatively new additions to the field of biomedical materials with superior external surface areas suited to adsorptive remediation of biological toxins. However, relatively little is known about their physiological interactions with biological systems and, to date, no comparative biological studies have been done. This study compares titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2Tx) in multilayered and delaminated forms with graphene variants to assess the impact of variable physical properties on cellular inflammatory response to endotoxin stimulus. No significant impact on cell metabolism or induction of inflammatory pathways leading to cell death was observed. No significant increase in markers of blood cell activation and haemolysis occurred. Whilst graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), graphene oxide (GO) and Ti3C2Tx showed insignificant antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli, silver nanoparticle-modified GO (GO-Ag) induced bacterial cell death and at a lower dose than silver nanoparticles. All nanomaterials significantly reduced bacterial endotoxin induced THP-1 monocyte IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine production by >99%, >99% and >80% respectively, compared to control groups. This study suggests the utility of these nanomaterials as adsorbents in blood contacting medical device applications for removal of inflammatory cytokines linked to poor outcome in patients with life-threatening infection.
有效控制对身体健康产生负面影响的微生物和代谢衍生生物毒素，仍然是21世纪的一项关键挑战。二维石墨烯和MXene纳米材料是生物医学材料领域相对较新的成员，具有适合吸附修复生物毒素的优异外表面积。然而，人们对它们与生物系统的生理相互作用了解相对较少，而且迄今为止尚未进行过比较生物学研究。本研究将多层和分层形式的碳化钛MXene（Ti3C2Tx）与石墨烯变体进行比较，以评估可变物理性质对内毒素刺激下细胞炎症反应的影响。未观察到对细胞代谢或导致细胞死亡的炎症途径诱导有显著影响。血细胞活化和溶血标志物未显著增加。虽然石墨烯纳米片（GNP）、氧化石墨烯（GO）和Ti3C2Tx对大肠杆菌显示出微不足道的抗菌活性，但银纳米颗粒修饰的GO（GO-Ag）可诱导细菌细胞死亡，且剂量低于银纳米颗粒。与对照组相比，所有纳米材料均显著降低细菌内毒素诱导的THP-1单核细胞IL-8、IL-6和TNF-α细胞因子产生，分别降低>99%、>99%和>80%。本研究表明，这些纳米材料作为吸附剂在与血液接触的医疗设备应用中具有实用性，可用于去除与危及生命感染患者不良预后相关的炎症细胞因子。
