Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2021 Jun;28(3):928-936. doi: 10.3758/s13423-020-01829-1. Epub 2021 Jan 14.
The study of visual memory is typically concerned with an image's content: How well, and with what precision, we can recall which objects, people, or features we have seen in the past. But images also vary in their quality: The same object or scene may appear in an image that is sharp and highly resolved, or it may appear in an image that is blurry and faded. How do we remember those properties? Here six experiments demonstrate a new phenomenon of "vividness extension": a tendency to (mis)remember images as though they are "enhanced" versions of themselves - that is, sharper and higher quality than they actually appeared at the time of encoding. Subjects briefly saw images of scenes that varied in how blurry they were, and then adjusted a new image to be as blurry as the original. Unlike an old photograph that fades and blurs, subjects misremembered scenes as more vivid (i.e., less blurry) than those scenes had actually appeared moments earlier. Follow-up experiments extended this phenomenon to saturation and pixelation - with subjects recalling scenes as more colorful and resolved - and ruled out various forms of response bias. We suggest that memory misrepresents the quality of what we have seen, such that the world is remembered as more vivid than it is.
我们能够多好、多精确地回忆起过去看到的物体、人物或特征。但是图像的质量也有所不同:同一个物体或场景可能出现在一个清晰且高度解析的图像中,也可能出现在一个模糊和褪色的图像中。我们如何记住这些属性?本研究的六个实验展示了一种新的“鲜明度延伸”现象:一种倾向于(错误地)将图像记忆为“增强”版本的倾向——即比它们在编码时实际出现的更清晰、更高质量。实验对象短暂地看到了场景的图像,这些图像的模糊程度不同,然后调整了一个新的图像,使其与原始图像一样模糊。与褪色和模糊的旧照片不同,实验对象错误地将场景记忆为比它们实际出现的更生动(即更不模糊)。后续实验将这种现象扩展到饱和度和像素化——实验对象回忆起更丰富多彩、分辨率更高的场景——并排除了各种形式的反应偏差。我们认为,记忆错误地表示了我们所看到的事物的质量,使得世界被记住的比实际更生动。