Molecular cytogenetics in the study of repetitive sequences helping to understand the evolution of heterochromatin in Melipona (Hymenoptera, Meliponini).

The eukaryote genome is enriched by different types of repetitive DNA sequences and is most abundant in heterochromatin regions. Historically, no function has been assigned to these sequences, which makes them the target of studies that have demonstrated their structural and functional importance in the genome. Despite having a constant chromosome number, the genus Melipona has species with wide variation in heterochromatin content, from 8 to 73%, which is an important feature to be investigated regarding its origin and evolution. In the present study, a repetitive DNA sequence of Melipona mondury was isolated by restriction enzyme digestion. This sequence was used to hybridize chromosomes of eight Melipona species that include representatives of the four subgenera and present divergent characteristics in relation to the heterochromatin content. Considering that rDNA localization has shown differences in Melipona, 16 species of this genus were analyzed with 18S rDNA probe. Our data suggest that heterochromatin growth occurred independently in the Michmelia and Melikerria subgenera, considering that the isolated repetitive DNA sequence was shared only by the Michmelia species. Amplification possibly occurred from the centromeric region, causing the displacement of the rDNA sites to the ends of the chromosomes. The repetitive DNA sequence used is a constituent of Michmelia heterochromatin, which that arose from the common ancestor of the species of this subgenus.