Wang Jie, Mamuti Muhetaerjiang, Wang Hao
CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 1001190, China.
Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.
ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2020 Nov 9;6(11):6036-6052. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01201. Epub 2020 Oct 23.
The rapid development of nanobiotechnology has enabled progress in therapeutic cancer vaccines. These vaccines stimulate the host innate immune response by tumor antigens followed by a cascading adaptive response against cancer. However, an improved antitumor immune response is still in high demand because of the unsatisfactory clinical performance of the vaccine in tumor inhibition and regression. To date, a complicated tumor immunosuppressive environment and suboptimal design are the main obstacles for therapeutic cancer vaccines. The optimization of tumor antigens, vaccine delivery pathways, and proper adjuvants for innate immune response initiation, along with reprogramming of the tumor immunosuppressive environment, is essential for therapeutic cancer vaccines in triggering an adequate antitumor immune response. In this review, we aim to review the challenges in and strategies for enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines. We start with the summary of the available tumor antigens and their properties and then the optimal strategies for vaccine delivery. Subsequently, the vaccine adjuvants focused on the intrinsic adjuvant properties of nanostructures are further discussed. Finally, we summarize the combination strategies with therapeutic cancer vaccines and discuss their positive impact in cancer immunity.
纳米生物技术的快速发展推动了治疗性癌症疫苗的进步。这些疫苗通过肿瘤抗原刺激宿主的固有免疫反应，随后引发针对癌症的级联适应性反应。然而，由于疫苗在肿瘤抑制和消退方面的临床效果不尽人意，人们对增强抗肿瘤免疫反应仍有很高的需求。迄今为止，复杂的肿瘤免疫抑制环境和欠佳的设计是治疗性癌症疫苗的主要障碍。优化肿瘤抗原、疫苗递送途径以及用于启动固有免疫反应的合适佐剂，同时对肿瘤免疫抑制环境进行重新编程，对于治疗性癌症疫苗触发充分的抗肿瘤免疫反应至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们旨在回顾增强治疗性疫苗疗效所面临的挑战和策略。我们首先总结可用的肿瘤抗原及其特性，然后是疫苗递送的最佳策略。随后，进一步讨论专注于纳米结构固有佐剂特性的疫苗佐剂。最后，我们总结治疗性癌症疫苗的联合策略，并讨论它们在癌症免疫中的积极影响。
