Biomolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
Biomolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2021 Mar 1;172:524-541. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.076. Epub 2021 Jan 14.
The infectious microscopic viruses invade living cells to reproduce themselves, and causes chronic infections such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C, flu, etc. in humans which may lead to death if not treated. Different strategies have been utilized to develop new and superior antiviral drugs to counter the viral infections. The FDA approval of HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, zidovudine in 1987 boosted the development of antiviral agents against different viruses. Currently, there are a number of combination drugs developed against various viral infections to arrest the activity of same or different viral macromolecules at multiple stages of its life cycle; among which majority are targeted to interfere with the replication of viral genome. Besides these, other type of antiviral molecules includes entry inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, interferons, immunomodulators, etc. The antiviral drugs can be toxic to human cells, particularly in case of administration of combination drugs, and on the other hand viruses can grow resistant to the antiviral drugs. Furthermore, emergence of new viruses like Ebola, coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) emphasizes the need for more innovative strategies to develop better antiviral drugs to fight the existing and the emerging viral infections. Hence, we reviewed the strategic enhancements in developing antiviral drugs for the treatment of different viral infections over the years.
传染性的微观病毒侵入活细胞自我复制，并导致人类的慢性感染，如艾滋病病毒/艾滋病、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎、流感等，如果不治疗可能导致死亡。为了对抗病毒感染，已经开发了许多不同的策略来开发新的、更有效的抗病毒药物。1987 年，美国食品和药物管理局批准了 HIV 核苷逆转录酶抑制剂齐多夫定，这推动了针对不同病毒的抗病毒药物的发展。目前，已经开发了许多针对各种病毒感染的联合药物来阻止同一或不同病毒大分子在其生命周期的多个阶段的活性；其中大多数针对干扰病毒基因组的复制。除此之外，其他类型的抗病毒分子包括进入抑制剂、整合酶抑制剂、蛋白酶抑制剂、干扰素、免疫调节剂等。抗病毒药物对人类细胞可能有毒性，特别是在联合用药的情况下，另一方面病毒可能对抗病毒药物产生耐药性。此外，埃博拉病毒、冠状病毒（SARS-CoV、SARS-CoV-2 等新病毒的出现强调了需要更具创新性的策略来开发更好的抗病毒药物，以对抗现有和新出现的病毒感染。因此，我们回顾了多年来针对不同病毒感染开发抗病毒药物的战略增强。
