Science of Motion, Friedrich Schiller-University, Seidelstr. 20, 00749, Jena, Germany.
Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Köln, Germany.
J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. 2021 Mar;207(2):191-204. doi: 10.1007/s00359-020-01458-y. Epub 2021 Jan 18.
The measurement of cuticular strain during locomotion using foil strain gauges provides information both on the loads of the exoskeleton bears and the adaptive value of the specific location of natural strain detectors (slit sense organs). Here, we critically review available literature. In tethered animals, by applying loads to the metatarsus tip, strain and mechanical sensitivity (S = strain/load) induced at various sites in the tibia were determined. The loci of the lyriform organs close to the tibia-metatarsus joint did not stand out by high strain. The strains induced at various sites during free locomotion can be interpreted based on S and, beyond the joint region, on beam theory. Spiders avoided laterad loading of the tibia-metatarsus joint during slow locomotion. Balancing body weight, joint flexors caused compressive strain at the posterior and dorsal tibia. While climbing upside down strain measurements indicate strong flexor activity. In future studies, a precise calculation and quantitative determination of strain at the sites of the lyriform organs will profit from more detailed data on the overall strain distribution, morphology, and material properties. The values and caveats of the strain gauge technology, the only one applicable to freely moving spiders, are discussed.
使用箔式应变计测量运动过程中的表皮应变，可提供有关外骨骼承受的载荷以及天然应变探测器（裂缝感觉器官）特定位置的适应性价值的信息。在这里，我们批判性地回顾了现有文献。在系绳动物中，通过向跗骨末端施加载荷，确定了在胫骨的各个部位诱导的应变和机械灵敏度（S=应变/载荷）。靠近胫骨-跗骨关节的栉状器官的位置并没有表现出高应变。在自由运动过程中各个部位诱导的应变可以根据 S 进行解释，并且在关节区域之外可以根据梁理论进行解释。蜘蛛在缓慢运动时避免了胫骨-跗骨关节的横向加载。为了平衡体重，关节屈肌在胫骨的后部和背部造成压缩应变。而在倒爬时，应变测量表明强烈的屈肌活动。在未来的研究中，对栉状器官部位的应变进行更精确的计算和定量确定将得益于关于整体应变分布、形态和材料特性的更详细数据。讨论了应变计技术的价值和注意事项，这是唯一适用于自由移动蜘蛛的技术。
