Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal.
Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
PLoS One. 2021 Jan 22;16(1):e0245283. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245283. eCollection 2021.
Mali has a high pastoral potential with diverse coexisting production systems ranging from traditional (nomadic, transhumant, sedentary) to commercial (fattening and dairy production) production systems. Each of those systems is characterised by close interactions between animals and humans, increasing the potential risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases. The nature of contact network suggests that the risks may vary according to species, production systems and behaviors. However, the study of the link between small ruminants and zoonotic diseases has received limited attention in Mali. The objective of this study was to assess brucellosis seroprevalence and determine how the husbandry systems and human behaviour expose animal and human to infection risk. A cross-sectional study using cluster sampling was conducted in three regions in Mali. Blood was collected from 860 small ruminants. The sera obtained were analysed using both Rose Bengal and cELISA tests. In addition, 119 farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire in order to identify the characteristics of farms as well as the risk behaviors of respondents. Husbandry systems were dominated by agro-pastoral systems followed by pastoral systems. The commercial farms (peri-urban and urban) represent a small proportion. Small ruminant individual seroprevalence was 4.1% [2.8-5.6% (95% CI)]. Herd seroprevalence was estimated at 25.2% [17.7-33.9% (95% CI)]. Peri-urban farming system was more affected with seroprevalence of 38.1% [18.1-61.5 (95% CI)], followed by pastoral farming system (24.3% [11.7-41.2 (95% CI)]). Identified risk behaviors of brucellosis transmission to animals were: exchange of reproductive males (30.2%); improper disposal of placentas in the farms (31.1%); and keeping aborted females in the herd (69.7%). For humans, risk factors were: close and prolonged contact with animals (51.2%); consumption of unpasteurized dairy products (26.9%); and assisting female animals during delivery without any protection (40.3%). This study observed a high seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants and also identified risky practices that allow cross transmission between the two populations. This calls for control strategy using a multi-sectoral and multidimensional approach.
马里具有很高的畜牧业潜力，共存着多种生产系统，包括传统（游牧、迁徙、定居）和商业（育肥和奶制品生产）生产系统。这些系统都有动物和人类之间的密切互动，增加了人畜共患疾病传播的潜在风险。接触网络的性质表明，风险可能因物种、生产系统和行为而有所不同。然而，在马里，对小反刍动物与人畜共患疾病之间的联系的研究受到了限制。本研究的目的是评估布鲁氏菌病的血清流行率，并确定养殖系统和人类行为如何使动物和人类面临感染风险。在马里的三个地区进行了一项横断面研究，采用了聚类抽样。从 860 只小反刍动物中采集血液。使用虎红平板凝集试验和竞争酶联免疫吸附试验（cELISA）对获得的血清进行分析。此外，对 119 名农民进行了结构问卷调查，以确定农场的特征以及受访者的风险行为。养殖系统以农牧混合系统为主，其次是游牧系统。商业农场（城郊和城市）占比较小。小反刍动物个体血清流行率为 4.1%[2.8-5.6%（95%CI）]。群体血清流行率估计为 25.2%[17.7-33.9%（95%CI）]。城郊养殖系统的血清流行率较高，为 38.1%[18.1-61.5（95%CI）]，其次是游牧养殖系统，为 24.3%[11.7-41.2（95%CI）]。识别出的布鲁氏菌病向动物传播的风险行为包括：交换繁殖雄性（30.2%）；在农场不当处理胎衣（31.1%）；以及将流产雌性留在畜群中（69.7%）。对于人类，风险因素包括：与动物密切和长时间接触（51.2%）；食用未经巴氏消毒的奶制品（26.9%）；以及在没有任何保护措施的情况下协助雌性动物分娩（40.3%）。本研究观察到小反刍动物中布鲁氏菌病的高血清流行率，并确定了允许两种人群之间交叉传播的危险行为。这需要采用多部门和多维度的方法来制定控制策略。
