监测伊朗东南部注入茶、人尿、生活污水和不同水资源中的咖啡因浓度-咖啡因是人类来源污染的替代指示剂。
Monitoring of caffeine concentration in infused tea, human urine, domestic wastewater and different water resources in southeast of Iran- caffeine an alternative indicator for contamination of human origin.
机构信息
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Research Methodology and Data Analysis (CRMDA), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
出版信息
J Environ Manage. 2021 Apr 1;283:111971. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111971. Epub 2021 Jan 19.
The present study was developed to evaluate the caffeine concentration in commercially high-consumed brands of dry black tea, urine of tea consumers, raw and treated wastewater, as well as water resources (WRs) in Zabol city, Iran. Furthermore, a complementary analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between caffeine content and total coliform (TCF) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in water sources. In this end, tea (90 samples), urine (90 samples), raw sewage (72 samples), treated sewage (72 samples), and septic tank sewage (36samples) were taken from Zabol city and analyzed in terms of caffeine content. To evaluate the correlation between caffeine and TCF and E. coli, 102 water samples were taken from WRs in Zabol city. Caffeine was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, TFC and E. coli were measured based on the procedure outlined by standard methods for water and wastewater examination and the most probable number (MPN) method. The results indicated that the caffeine concentration in different tea brands consumed by Zabol people were in the range of 12.35-18.75 mg/L. The mean caffeine level in the male group' urine (7.08 ± 1.00 μg/mL) was significantly higher than the female group (4.83 ± 1.94 μg/mL). The results showed that the total average amount of caffeine in raw and treated wastewater in Zabol city was 21.04 ± 2.22 and 19.86 ± 2.08 μg/L, respectively. Besides, the caffeine removal efficiency by the Zabol wastewater treatment plant (ZWTP) was found to be between 4.79 and 51.39%. According to the results, the environmental risk associated with caffeine through the discharge of raw and treated wastewater from ZWTP into receiving WRs was estimated to be less than the allowable limit (RQ = 1). The results showed that caffeine could be an indicator for fecal contamination with human origin.
本研究旨在评估伊朗扎布尔市市售高消费品牌的干红茶、茶消费者尿液、原污水和处理污水以及水资源（WRs）中的咖啡因浓度。此外，还进行了补充分析，以评估咖啡因含量与水源中总大肠菌群（TCF）和大肠杆菌（E. coli）之间的关系。为此，从扎布尔市采集了茶（90 个样本）、尿液（90 个样本）、原污水（72 个样本）、处理污水（72 个样本）和化粪池污水（36 个样本），并对咖啡因含量进行了分析。为了评估咖啡因与 TCF 和 E. coli 之间的相关性，从扎布尔市的 WRs 中采集了 102 个水样。咖啡因采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定。此外，TCF 和 E. coli 是根据标准水和废水检验方法和最可能数（MPN）法规定的程序进行测量的。结果表明，扎布尔人饮用的不同品牌茶的咖啡因浓度在 12.35-18.75 mg/L 范围内。男性组尿液（7.08 ± 1.00 μg/mL）中的咖啡因平均水平显著高于女性组（4.83 ± 1.94 μg/mL）。结果表明，扎布尔市原污水和处理污水中咖啡因的总平均含量分别为 21.04 ± 2.22 和 19.86 ± 2.08 μg/L。此外，扎布尔污水处理厂（ZWTP）的咖啡因去除效率在 4.79%和 51.39%之间。根据结果，通过 ZWTP 排放原污水和处理污水到接收 WRs 中，与咖啡因相关的环境风险估计低于允许限值（RQ = 1）。结果表明，咖啡因可能是人类粪便污染的指示剂。
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