Magnesium in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes.

Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is probably the most underestimated electrolyte imbalance in Western countries. It is frequent in obese patients, subjects with type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, both in adulthood and in childhood. This narrative review aims to offer insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms linking Mg deficiency with obesity and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Literature highlights critical issues about the treatment of Mg deficiency, such as the lack of a clear definition of Mg nutritional status, the use of different Mg salts and dosage and the different duration of the Mg supplementation. Despite the lack of agreement, an appropriate dietary pattern, including the right intake of Mg, improves metabolic syndrome by reducing blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. This occurs through the modulation of gene expression and proteomic profile as well as through a positive influence on the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the metabolism of vitamins B1 and D.