São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
Food Res Int. 2021 Jan;139:109964. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109964. Epub 2020 Dec 8.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arising from fibrosis/cirrhosis is the most common type of primary liver cancer. Conversely, a higher intake of fruits and vegetables might play a protective role in HCC risk. Recently, Myrtaceae family tropical fruits have raised great interest due to the high levels of anthocyanins especially in their peels, which are usually discarded upon consumption. Anthocyanins are antioxidant pigments known to have beneficial effects in vivo/in vitro cancer bioassays. Thus, we evaluated whether dietary Myrciaria jaboticaba, Syzygium cumini, and Syzygium malaccense fruit peel powders reduce fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Female C3H/HeJ mice were submitted to the model of diethylnitrosamine/carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Concomitantly, mice received a basal diet containing 2% of M. jaboticaba, S. cumini, or S. malaccense fruit peel powders, obtained by convective drying, for 10 weeks. M. jaboticaba peel powder showed the highest levels of total anthocyanins, while S. cumini peel powder displayed the greatest diversity of these pigments. All Myrtaceae family peel powders reduced the serum levels of the liver injury marker alanine aminotransferase. M. jaboticaba peel feeding reduced the incidence of liver preneoplastic foci, hepatocyte proliferation (Ki-67), and the protein levels of hepato-mitogen tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). M. jaboticaba peel feeding also diminished liver lipid peroxidation and increased total glutathione levels. S. cumini peel feeding reduced hepatic collagen, lipid peroxidation, and TNF-α levels while increased catalase activity. Although S. malaccense peel powder, which displayed the lowest anthocyanin levels, decreased oxidative stress, and cytokine levels, no effects were observed on liver fibrosis or preneoplastic lesion outcomes. Findings indicate a protective effect of anthocyanin-rich M. jaboticaba and S. cumini peel powder feeding on preneoplastic lesion development and fibrosis, respectively. Results indicate that differential biological responses may be attributed to distinct anthocyanin profiles and levels, assigning a functional/market value to the underutilized peel fraction.
肝细胞癌（HCC）源于纤维化/肝硬化，是最常见的原发性肝癌类型。相反，摄入更多的水果和蔬菜可能对 HCC 风险起到保护作用。最近，桃金娘科热带水果因其高水平的花青素而引起了极大的兴趣，尤其是在其果皮中，这些果皮通常在食用时被丢弃。花青素是抗氧化色素，已知在体内/体外癌症生物测定中具有有益作用。因此，我们评估了膳食杨梅、蒲桃和赤楠果皮粉是否能减少小鼠的纤维化和肝癌发生。雌性 C3H/HeJ 小鼠接受了二乙基亚硝胺/四氯化碳诱导的肝纤维化和致癌模型。同时，小鼠接受了含有 2%杨梅、蒲桃或赤楠果皮粉的基础饮食，这些果皮粉是通过对流干燥获得的，共 10 周。杨梅果皮粉总花青素含量最高，而蒲桃果皮粉则显示出这些色素的最大多样性。所有桃金娘科果皮粉均降低了血清肝损伤标志物丙氨酸氨基转移酶的水平。杨梅皮喂养降低了肝脏前病变灶、肝细胞增殖（Ki-67）和肝促分裂原肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的蛋白水平。杨梅皮喂养还减少了肝脂质过氧化并增加了总谷胱甘肽水平。蒲桃皮喂养降低了肝胶原、脂质过氧化和 TNF-α水平，同时增加了过氧化氢酶活性。虽然 S. malaccense 果皮粉显示出最低的花青素水平，但它降低了氧化应激和细胞因子水平，但对肝纤维化或前病变结果没有影响。研究结果表明，富含花青素的杨梅和蒲桃果皮粉喂养对前病变发展和纤维化具有保护作用。结果表明，不同的生物学反应可能归因于不同的花青素谱和水平，赋予了未充分利用的果皮部分以功能/市场价值。
