Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
Environ Int. 2021 Apr;149:106402. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106402. Epub 2021 Jan 29.
Chemicals are listed on California's Proposition 65 (Prop 65) for their potential to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm, and certain chemicals from this list are often detected within interior vehicle dust and air. Therefore, this study examined the potential risk associated with five Prop 65-listed chemicals detected within vehicle interiors: benzene, formaldehyde, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP). Exposure estimates based on time spent within a vehicle were derived from a meta-analysis of estimated concentrations from the literature. Regulatory levels established by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) were then used to generate percent reference doses (%RfDs) for chemical-specific daily doses as well as determine the probability of risk (exceedance probability) as a function of %RfD for each chemical-specific daily dose. Based on our meta-analysis, benzene and formaldehyde were detected in vehicle interior air whereas DEHP, DBP and TDCIPP were detected in vehicle interior dust. Benzene and formaldehyde were the only two chemicals with an estimated %RfD > 100 across any of the commute times. For commute times of 20 min or longer, the %RfD was > 100 for maximum exposures based on the "maximum allowable daily level" for benzene, and for 95th-percentile exposures based on the "no significant risk level" for benzene and formaldehyde. Furthermore, the probability of exceeding 100% RfD was highest for cancer risks associated with benzene, followed by cancer risks associated with formaldehyde and the risk of reproductive and developmental toxicity associated with benzene. Lastly, within the entire state of California, the percent of commuters with a 10% probability of exceeding cancer risk associated with benzene or formaldehyde exposure was 78% and 63%, respectively. Overall, our study raises concerns about the potential risk associated with inhalation of benzene and formaldehyde for people who spend a significant amount of time in their vehicles, an issue that is especially pertinent to traffic-congested areas where people have longer commutes.
化学品因其潜在的致癌性、致出生缺陷性或其他生殖毒性而被列入加利福尼亚州 65 号提案（Prop 65），该清单中的某些化学物质通常会在车内灰尘和空气中检测到。因此，本研究检测了车内检测到的五种列入 Prop 65 清单的化学物质（苯、甲醛、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和磷酸三（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）酯（TDCIPP））相关的潜在风险。基于在车内停留时间的暴露估计值来自文献中估计浓度的荟萃分析。然后，加利福尼亚州环境卫生危害评估办公室（OEHHA）制定的监管水平被用于为化学物质特异性日剂量生成化学物质特异性日剂量的参考剂量百分比（%RfD），并确定风险概率（超标概率）作为每个化学物质特异性日剂量的%RfD 的函数。基于我们的荟萃分析，苯和甲醛在车内空气中检测到，而 DEHP、DBP 和 TDCIPP 在车内灰尘中检测到。在任何通勤时间内，只有苯和甲醛的估计%RfD 超过 100。对于 20 分钟或更长时间的通勤时间，基于苯的“最大允许日水平”的最大暴露量的%RfD 超过 100，基于苯和甲醛的“无显著风险水平”的 95%百分位数暴露量的%RfD 超过 100。此外，与苯相关的癌症风险的 100% RfD 超标概率最高，其次是与甲醛相关的癌症风险，以及与苯相关的生殖和发育毒性风险。最后，在加利福尼亚州的整个州，10%概率超过与苯或甲醛暴露相关的癌症风险的通勤者比例分别为 78%和 63%。总体而言，我们的研究对在车内花费大量时间的人吸入苯和甲醛的潜在风险表示担忧，这在交通拥堵地区人们通勤时间更长的情况下尤其相关。
