Poveda Jorge, Martínez-Gómez Ángela, Fenoll Carmen, Escobar Carolina
Biological Mission of Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain.
Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
Phytopathology. 2021 Sep;111(9):1490-1499. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-06-20-0248-RVW. Epub 2021 Oct 3.
To support the search for alternative, nonchemical plant disease control strategies, we present a review of the pathogen-suppressive effects of biochar, a product derived from agricultural and other organic wastes, used as a soil amendment. A wide range of biochar effects contribute to the control of root or foliar fungal pathogens through modification of root exudates, soil properties, and nutrient availability, which influence the growth of antagonist microorganisms. The induction of systemic plant defenses by biochar in the roots to reduce foliar pathogenic fungi, the activation of stress-hormone responses, as well as changes in active oxygen species are indicative of a coordinated hormonal signaling within the plant. Although scarce data are available for oomycetes and bacterial pathogens, reports indicate that biochar promotes changes in the soil microbiota influencing pathogen motility and colonization, and the induction of plant systemic defenses, both contributing to disease suppression. Biochar also suppresses nematode and insect pests. For plant-parasitic nematodes, the primary modes of action are changes in soil microbial community diversity, the release of nematicidal compounds, and the induction of plant defenses. Use of biochar-based soil amendments is a promising strategy compatible with a circular economy, based on zero waste, as part of integrated pathogen and pest management. Since biochars exert complex and distinct modes of action for the control of plant pathogens, its nature and application regimes should be designed for particular pathogens and its effects studied locally.
为支持寻找替代性的、非化学的植物病害控制策略，我们综述了生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂对病原体的抑制作用。生物炭是一种由农业和其他有机废物制成的产品。生物炭通过改变根系分泌物、土壤性质和养分有效性等多种作用，来控制根部或叶部真菌病原体，这些因素会影响拮抗微生物的生长。生物炭在根部诱导植物系统防御以减少叶部致病真菌、激活应激激素反应以及活性氧物种的变化，表明植物体内存在协调的激素信号传导。尽管关于卵菌和细菌病原体的数据很少，但报告表明生物炭会促进土壤微生物群的变化，影响病原体的运动性和定殖，以及诱导植物系统防御，这两者都有助于病害抑制。生物炭还能抑制线虫和害虫。对于植物寄生线虫，主要作用方式是土壤微生物群落多样性的变化、杀线虫化合物的释放以及植物防御的诱导。基于零浪费的循环经济，使用基于生物炭的土壤改良剂是一种很有前景的策略，可作为病虫害综合管理的一部分。由于生物炭对植物病原体的控制具有复杂且独特的作用方式，其性质和应用方式应针对特定病原体进行设计，并在当地研究其效果。
