SARS-CoV-2 infection, gut dysbiosis, and heterogeneous clinical results of hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 therapy-Is there a link?

Clinical manifestations of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can include gastrointestinal signals and symptoms. Individuals with previous clinical conditions that usually enroll gut dysbiosis have been identified as being at high risk to develop more severe infectious phenotypes. Actually, intestinal dysbiosis has been observed in infected patients and potentially linked to systemic hyperinflammation. These observations suggest that a previous gut dysbiosis may be aggravated by SARS-CoV-2 infection and related to progression of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) into more severe stages. While COVID-19's pathophysiology is not fully understood, it seems relevant to consider the interactions of candidate therapeutic drugs with the host, gut microbiota, and SARS-CoV-2. Here we summarize scientific evidence supporting the potential relevance of these interactions and suggest that unfavorable clinical data on hydroxychloroquine administration in COVID-19 may have been influenced by the dose provided and its impact on gut dysbiosis. The proposition is based on preliminary data on gut microbiota composition from individuals with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus under exclusive continuous hydroxychloroquine treatment, displaying a direct correlation between drug doses and markers typically associated with gut dysbiosis.