Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Infect Immun. 2021 Mar 17;89(4). doi: 10.1128/IAI.00693-20.
are Gram-negative facultative anaerobes that are found within host-associated commensal microbiomes, but they can also cause a wide range of infections that are often difficult to treat. These infections are caused by different pathotypes of , called either classical or hypervirulent strains. These two groups are genetically distinct, inhabit nonoverlapping geographies, and cause different types of harmful infections in humans. These distinct bacterial groups have also been found to interact differently with the host immune system. Initial innate immune defenses against infection include complement, macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes; these defenses are primary strategies employed by the host to clear infections. pathogenesis depends upon the interactions between the microbe and each of these host defenses, and it is becoming increasingly apparent that bacterial genetic diversity impacts the outcomes of these interactions. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of pathogenesis, with a focus on how bacterial evolution and diversity impact interactions with mammalian innate immune host defenses. We also discuss outstanding questions regarding how can frustrate normal immune responses, capitalize upon states of immunocompromise, and cause infections with high mortality.
是革兰氏阴性兼性厌氧菌，存在于宿主相关共生微生物组中，但它们也能引起广泛的感染，这些感染通常难以治疗。这些感染是由不同的 致病型引起的，称为经典或高毒力菌株。这两个群体在遗传上是不同的，栖息在互不重叠的地理区域，并且在人类中引起不同类型的有害感染。还发现这些不同的细菌群体与宿主免疫系统的相互作用方式也不同。针对 感染的初始先天免疫防御包括补体、巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和单核细胞；这些防御是宿主清除感染的主要策略。 发病机制取决于微生物与这些宿主防御中的每一种的相互作用，并且越来越明显的是，细菌遗传多样性会影响这些相互作用的结果。在这里，我们重点介绍了我们对 发病机制的理解的最新进展，以及细菌进化和多样性如何影响与哺乳动物先天免疫宿主防御的相互作用。我们还讨论了关于 如何能够挫败正常免疫反应、利用免疫功能低下状态以及导致高死亡率感染的悬而未决的问题。
