Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620, USA.
West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
J Gen Virol. 2021 Mar;102(3). doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001557. Epub 2021 Feb 9.
A long-standing paradigm in virology was that non-enveloped viruses induce cell lysis to release progeny virions. However, emerging evidence indicates that some non-enveloped viruses exit cells without inducing cell lysis, while others engage both lytic and non-lytic egress mechanisms. Enteric viruses are transmitted via the faecal-oral route and are important causes of a wide range of human infections, both gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal. Virus cellular egress, when fully understood, may be a relevant target for antiviral therapies, which could minimize the public health impact of these infections. In this review, we outline lytic and non-lytic cell egress mechanisms of non-enveloped enteric RNA viruses belonging to five families: , , , and . We discuss factors that contribute to egress mechanisms and the relevance of these mechanisms to virion stability, infectivity and transmission. Since most data were obtained in traditional two-dimensional cell cultures, we will further attempt to place them into the context of polarized cultures and pathogenesis. Throughout the review, we highlight numerous knowledge gaps to stimulate future research into the egress mechanisms of these highly prevalent but largely understudied viruses.
长期以来，病毒学的一个范式是，无包膜病毒诱导细胞裂解以释放子代病毒颗粒。然而，新出现的证据表明，一些无包膜病毒在不诱导细胞裂解的情况下离开细胞，而另一些病毒则采用裂解和非裂解两种出芽机制。肠道病毒通过粪-口途径传播，是广泛的人类感染的重要原因，包括胃肠道和肠道外感染。当完全了解病毒细胞的出芽机制时，它可能成为抗病毒治疗的一个相关靶点，这可以最大限度地降低这些感染对公共卫生的影响。在这篇综述中，我们概述了属于五个科的无包膜肠道 RNA 病毒的裂解和非裂解细胞出芽机制：，，，和。我们讨论了有助于出芽机制的因素，以及这些机制与病毒粒子稳定性、感染性和传播性的相关性。由于大多数数据是在传统的二维细胞培养中获得的，我们将进一步尝试将它们置于极化培养和发病机制的背景下。在整篇综述中，我们强调了许多知识空白，以激发对这些高度流行但在很大程度上研究不足的病毒出芽机制的进一步研究。
