Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), 601 76 Norrköping, Sweden.
Environment and Health Administration, Box 8136, 104 20 Stockholm, Sweden.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 29;18(3):1219. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18031219.
In the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden), the Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) has been traditionally targeted at reducing flood risk. However, other Ecosystem Services (ES) became increasingly relevant in response to the challenges of urbanization and climate change. In total, 90 scientific articles addressing ES considered crucial contributions to the quality of life in cities are reviewed. These are classified as (1) regulating ES that minimize hazards such as heat, floods, air pollution and noise, and (2) cultural ES that promote well-being and health. We conclude that the planning and design of UGI should balance both the provision of ES and their side effects and disservices, aspects that seem to have been only marginally investigated. Climate-sensitive planning practices are critical to guarantee that seasonal climate variability is accounted for at high-latitude regions. Nevertheless, diverging and seemingly inconsistent findings, together with gaps in the understanding of long-term effects, create obstacles for practitioners. Additionally, the limited involvement of end users points to a need of better engagement and communication, which in overall call for more collaborative research. Close relationships and interactions among different ES provided by urban greenery were found, yet few studies attempted an integrated evaluation. We argue that promoting interdisciplinary studies is fundamental to attain a holistic understanding of how plant traits affect the resulting ES; of the synergies between biophysical, physiological and psychological processes; and of the potential disservices of UGI, specifically in Nordic cities.
在北欧国家（丹麦、芬兰、冰岛、挪威和瑞典），城市绿色基础设施（UGI）传统上一直致力于降低洪水风险。然而，随着城市化和气候变化的挑战不断增加，其他生态系统服务（ES）也变得越来越重要。共有 90 篇涉及被认为对城市生活质量具有关键贡献的 ES 的科学文章进行了回顾。这些文章被分为两类：（1）调节 ES，最大限度地减少热、洪水、空气污染和噪音等危害；（2）文化 ES，促进福祉和健康。我们得出的结论是，UGI 的规划和设计应平衡 ES 的提供及其副作用和不良服务，而这些方面似乎只被边缘化地研究过。气候敏感型规划实践对于保证高纬度地区考虑季节性气候变异性至关重要。然而，存在分歧且看似不一致的发现，以及对长期影响理解的差距，为实践者带来了障碍。此外，终端用户的参与有限表明需要更好的参与和沟通，这总体上需要更多的合作研究。研究发现城市绿色植物提供的不同 ES 之间存在密切的关系和相互作用，但很少有研究尝试进行综合评估。我们认为，促进跨学科研究对于全面了解植物特征如何影响产生的 ES、生物物理、生理和心理过程之间的协同作用以及 UGI 的潜在不良服务（特别是在北欧城市）至关重要。
