Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.
Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
Animal. 2021 Feb;15(2):100123. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100123. Epub 2020 Dec 15.
Major shifts in how animals are bred, raised and slaughtered are involved in the intensification of livestock systems. Globally, these changes have produced major increases in access to protein-rich foods with high levels of micronutrients. Yet the intensification of livestock systems generates numerous externalities including environmental degradation, zoonotic disease transmission and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Where the process of intensification is most advanced, the expertise, institutions and regulations required to manage these externalities have developed over time, often in response to hard lessons, crises and challenges to public health. By exploring the drivers of intensification, the foci of future intensification can be identified. Low- and middle-income (LMICs) countries are likely to experience significant intensification in livestock production in the near future; however, the lessons learned elsewhere are not being transferred rapidly enough to develop risk mitigation capacity in these settings. At present, fragmentary approaches to address these problems present an incomplete picture of livestock populations, antimicrobial use, and disease risks in LMIC settings. A worldwide improvement in evidence-based zoonotic disease and AMR management within intensifying livestock production systems demands better information on the burden of livestock-associated disease, antimicrobial use and resistance and resources allocated to mitigation.
在动物养殖、饲养和屠宰方式的重大转变中，集约化的牲畜系统得到了发展。在全球范围内，这些变化使人们更容易获得富含蛋白质且营养丰富的食物。然而，牲畜系统的集约化也产生了许多外部性问题，包括环境恶化、人畜共患疾病传播和抗生素耐药性（AMR）基因的出现。在集约化程度最高的地区，随着时间的推移，管理这些外部性问题所需的专业知识、机构和法规逐渐得到发展，这些往往是对公共卫生方面的惨痛教训、危机和挑战的回应。通过探索集约化的驱动因素，可以确定未来集约化的重点。在不久的将来，低收入和中等收入国家（LMICs）的畜牧业生产可能会经历显著的集约化；然而，其他地方吸取的经验教训并没有被迅速转移到这些地区，以发展风险缓解能力。目前，解决这些问题的零散方法并没有充分反映出 LMIC 地区牲畜种群、抗生素使用和疾病风险的全貌。要想在集约化的牲畜生产系统中改善基于证据的人畜共患病和 AMR 管理，就需要更好地了解与牲畜相关的疾病负担、抗生素使用和耐药性以及用于缓解的资源分配情况。
