Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Hum Immunol. 2021 May;82(5):317-324. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.01.012. Epub 2021 Feb 11.
Cytotrophoblasts differentiate in two directions during early placentation: syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs) and extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs). STBs face maternal immune cells in placentas, and EVTs, which invade the decidua and uterine myometrium, face the cells in the uterus. This situation, in which trophoblasts come into contact with maternal immune cells, is known as the maternal-fetal interface. Despite fetuses and fetus-derived trophoblast cells being of the semi-allogeneic conceptus, fetuses and placentas are not rejected by the maternal immune system because of maternal-fetal tolerance. The acquired tolerance develops during normal placentation, resulting in normal fetal development in humans. In this review, we introduce placental development from the viewpoint of molecular biology. In addition, we discuss how the disruption of placental development could lead to complications in pregnancy, such as hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, or miscarriage.
在早期胎盘形成过程中，滋养细胞向两个方向分化：合体滋养层细胞（STB）和绒毛外滋养层细胞（EVT）。STB 与胎盘的母体免疫细胞接触，而 EVT 则侵入蜕膜和子宫平滑肌，与子宫中的细胞接触。这种滋养细胞与母体免疫细胞接触的情况被称为母体-胎儿界面。尽管胎儿和胎儿衍生的滋养细胞具有半同种异体的概念，但由于母体-胎儿耐受，胎儿和胎盘不会被母体免疫系统排斥。获得性耐受在正常胎盘形成过程中发展，导致人类正常的胎儿发育。在这篇综述中，我们从分子生物学的角度介绍胎盘的发育。此外，我们还讨论了胎盘发育的中断如何导致妊娠并发症，如妊娠高血压疾病、胎儿生长受限或流产。
