Tallon Miles, Greenlee Mark W, Wagner Ernst, Rakoczy Katrin, Frick Ulrich
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
HSD Research Centre Cologne, HSD University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2021 Jan 28;12:594248. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.594248. eCollection 2021.
The results of two experiments are analyzed to find out how artistic expertise influences visual search. Experiment I comprised survey data of 1,065 students on self-reported visual memory skills and their ability to find three targets in four images of artwork. Experiment II comprised eye movement data of 50 Visual Literacy (VL) experts and non-experts whose eye movements during visual search were analyzed for nine images of artwork as an external validation of the assessment tasks performed in Sample I. No time constraint was set for completion of the visual search task. A latent profile analysis revealed four typical solution patterns for the students in Sample I, including a mainstream group, a group that completes easy images fast and difficult images slowly, a fast and erroneous group, and a slow working student group, depending on task completion time and on the probability of finding all three targets. Eidetic memory, performance in art education and visual imagination as self-reported visual skills have significant impact on latent class membership probability. We present a hidden Markov model (HMM) approach to uncover underlying regions of attraction that result from visual search eye-movement behavior in Experiment II. VL experts and non-experts did not significantly differ in task time and number of targets found but they did differ in their visual search process: compared to non-experts, experts showed greater precision in fixating specific prime and target regions, assessed through hidden state fixation overlap. Exploratory analysis of HMMs revealed differences between experts and non-experts in image locations of attraction (HMM states). Experts seem to focus their attention on smaller image parts whereas non-experts used wider parts of the image during their search. Differences between experts and non-experts depend on the relative saliency of targets embedded in images. HMMs can determine the effect of expertise on exploratory eye movements executed during visual search tasks. Further research on HMMs and art expertise is required to confirm exploratory results.
分析了两个实验的结果，以探究艺术专业知识如何影响视觉搜索。实验一包含1065名学生关于自我报告的视觉记忆技能以及在四幅艺术作品图像中找到三个目标的能力的调查数据。实验二包含50名视觉素养（VL）专家和非专家的眼动数据，对他们在视觉搜索过程中针对九幅艺术作品图像的眼动进行了分析，作为对实验一中执行的评估任务的外部验证。视觉搜索任务的完成没有设定时间限制。潜在剖面分析揭示了实验一中学生的四种典型解决模式，包括一个主流组、一个快速完成简单图像且缓慢完成困难图像的组、一个快速但错误的组以及一个工作缓慢的学生组，这取决于任务完成时间和找到所有三个目标的概率。作为自我报告的视觉技能，遗觉记忆、艺术教育表现和视觉想象力对潜在类别成员概率有显著影响。我们提出一种隐马尔可夫模型（HMM）方法，以揭示实验二中视觉搜索眼动行为产生的潜在吸引区域。VL专家和非专家在任务时间和找到的目标数量上没有显著差异，但他们的视觉搜索过程存在差异：与非专家相比，专家在注视特定的起始区域和目标区域时表现出更高的精度，这是通过隐藏状态注视重叠来评估的。对HMM的探索性分析揭示了专家和非专家在吸引图像位置（HMM状态）上的差异。专家似乎将注意力集中在较小的图像部分，而非专家在搜索过程中使用的是图像的更广泛部分。专家和非专家之间的差异取决于图像中嵌入目标的相对显著性。HMM可以确定专业知识对视觉搜索任务中执行的探索性眼动的影响。需要对HMM和艺术专业知识进行进一步研究以确认探索性结果。
