The concomitant use of cannabis and cocaine coexists with increased LPS levels and systemic inflammation in male drug users.

Illicit drug use can cause a variety of effects including alterations in the immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of illicit drugs on circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS), systemic inflammation and oxidative stress markers in drug users. We evaluated the levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14), LPS, inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-6) and regulatory (IL-10) cytokines, as well as C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and total thiols in the peripheral blood of 81 men included in groups of cannabis (n = 21), cocaine (n = 12), cannabis-plus-cocaine users (n = 27), and non-drug users (n = 21). The use of cannabis plus cocaine leads to higher systemic levels of LPS, CRP, IL-6 and higher IL-6/IL-10 ratio, characterizing a proinflammatory profile. In contrast, a regulatory profile as viewed by lower systemic TNF-α and IL-6 levels and lower TNF-α/IL-10 ratio were observed in cannabis users compared to the control group. Moreover, cocaine users presented a lower content of non-enzymatic antioxidant thiol compared to control group, cannabis group and cannabis plus cocaine group. In conclusion, our results indicate that the use of cannabis contributes to an anti-inflammatory/or regulatory profile while the concomitant cannabis plus cocaine consumption coexists with increased circulating amounts of LPS and proinflammatory status.