Departamento de Psicología Básica y Metodología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA.
Behav Res Methods. 2021 Oct;53(5):1857-1875. doi: 10.3758/s13428-020-01519-9. Epub 2021 Feb 24.
We present EmoPro, a normative study of the emotion lexicon of the Spanish language. We provide emotional prototypicality ratings for 1286 emotion words (i.e., those that refer to human emotions such as "fear" or "happy"), belonging to different grammatical categories. This is the largest data set for this variable so far. Each word was rated by at least 20 participants, and adequate reliability and validity rates for prototypicality scores were found. We also provide new affective (valence, arousal, emotionality, happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, and anger) and psycholinguistic (Age-of-Acquisition, frequency and concreteness) ratings for those words without prior data in the extant literature, and analyze which of the given variables contribute the most to prototypicality. A factor analysis on the affective and psycholinguistic variables has shown that prototypicality loads in a factor associated to the emotional salience of words. Furthermore, a regression analysis reveals a significant role of both dimensional and discrete- emotion-related variables, as well as a modest effect of AoA and frequency on the prediction of prototypicality. Cross-linguistic comparisons show that the pattern obtained here is similar to that observed in other languages. EmoPro norms will be highly valuable for researchers in the field, providing them with a tool to select the most representative emotion words in Spanish for their experimental (e.g., for a comparison with emotion-laden words, such as "murder" or "party") or applied studies (e.g., to examine the acquisition of emotion words/concepts in children). The full set of norms is available as supplementary material.
我们呈现了 EmoPro，这是西班牙语情感词汇的规范性研究。我们提供了 1286 个情感词汇（即指人类情感的词汇，如“恐惧”或“快乐”）的情感原型性评分，这些词汇属于不同的语法类别。这是迄今为止该变量的最大数据集。每个词都至少有 20 名参与者进行了评分，并且发现原型性评分具有足够的可靠性和有效性。我们还为那些在现有文献中没有先前数据的词汇提供了新的情感（愉悦度、唤醒度、情感性、幸福感、悲伤感、恐惧感、厌恶感和愤怒感）和心理语言学（习得年龄、频率和具体性）评分，并分析了哪些变量对原型性的贡献最大。对情感和心理语言学变量的因素分析表明，原型性在与词汇情感显著性相关的因素中加载。此外，回归分析显示维度和离散情感相关变量具有显著作用，习得年龄和频率对原型性的预测也有适度影响。跨语言比较表明，这里获得的模式与其他语言观察到的模式相似。EmoPro 规范将对该领域的研究人员非常有价值，为他们提供了一种工具，可以选择西班牙语中最具代表性的情感词汇，用于他们的实验（例如，与情感词汇如“谋杀”或“派对”进行比较）或应用研究（例如，研究儿童对情感词汇/概念的习得）。完整的规范集可作为补充材料获得。
